29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Biobanking and genomic research: Some special needs William W. Lowrance, PhD September 27, 2007

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Need to make clearer distinctions among the kinds of data Biobanks, major platforms of data and biospecimens curated as broad resources banks for research Genetic/genomic project data and biospecimen collections, cordoned-off by research protections Clinical genetic test data, held under medical confidentiality

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Distinctions, cont. Genetic-related public-health data, protected by public-health laws Other sets of biological materials and derived data, such as forensic collections, held under various regimes. Failure to make firm distinctions is causing serious confusion in dialogue and regulation!

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Genetic/ genomic/ biobank exceptualism? My view is that Clinical genetic-test and related data should be treated like other sensitive medical data But until a number of issues get sorted- out and reliable protections are in place, most genomic and research biobank data deserve special attention.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Need to refine aspects of the whole suite of research protections Informed consent De-identification Research-ethics oversight Safeguards Data-release policies and practices Barriers against access for non-research purposes Sanctions against misuse.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Need to rethink the construal of consent Traditionally, consent has been meant to be "fully informed" But biobanking and genomic data, and their risks, are very difficult for most people to comprehend So, in consenting: informed of what?

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive In my view, consent negotiations should inform of the purposes the overall plan and any data- or specimen-collecting that may involve them directly the disclosure risks generally the auspices and protections that make "the deal" trust-worthy anything else asked about.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Need to cope with identifiability The challenge is that genomic data: are extensive are very fine-grained influence many personal attributes hold implications about family are intrinsic to the body don't change during the lifetime are unique to the individual.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Identifiability, cont. Whether and how to de-identify depends on the character of the data, the intended uses, consent, disclosure risks, and safeguards. As an alternative or complement to de-identification, controlled data- release should be seriously considered.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Need to improve data-release For open release, must become clearer as to "how much" genome can be exposed without undue disclosure risk For controlled release, must attend to the terms of release agreements, stewardship, security, and enforcement. Ref: Lowrance and Collins, "Identifiability in genomic research," Science 317, (August 3, 2007).

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive In all of this We must facilitate health research for the collective public good and at the same time protect the individuals with whom the data and biospecimens were, or are, associated!

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Biobanks: Balancing Existing Norms and Emerging Needs Timothy Caulfield Health Law Institute An exploration of the justification for the emerging consent policies

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Biobanks BioBank/Cohort - a research platform Med info Lifestyle Socio Demo Public participants: donate DNA sample, etc. Cancer Asthma Infectious Exercise

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive A shifting norm? Pressures to move away from the autonomy driven consent model… Blanket/Broad/General Consent is a Deviation from the Accepted Standard. When it comes to biomedical research using biobanks, classical informed consent is abandoned in favour of general consent – a less strict standard (Elger and Caplan, 2006).

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Fundamental right? -SCC (Labaye) What is at stake… …research in biobanks … goes to the core of individual autonomy and fundamental rights. National Bioethics Commission (Greece) (2006). Confidentiality Protecting information Autonomy Control of info, self determination, not about risk… ????

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Autonomy and Research In part, the strength of autonomy in health law/research ethics is a reaction against the public worth of science argument

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Policy and Research If about autonomy (as a fundamental right) and if it applies to control of genetic and health information, what evidence is needed to override? At a minimum, the onus is on those who want to impinge on the right (cant be presumed) Autonomy New Consent Approach

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Recommendation 9: Blanket consent for future research is only permissible in circumstances where anonymity of future data can be guaranteed blanket future consent is only permissible where anonymity can be guaranteed, and there is no risk that unexpected results will filter back to the subjects concerned. If this guarantee is not possible, or if linking of data is necessary for the research, then specific consent to the specific research must be obtained.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Public Perception Research A justification for a policy?

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Themes from the research People want control Trust important A minority dont want to contribute Sensitivity around genetic information If asked, re-consent an issue

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Policy and Research If it is about autonomy as a fundamental concept, what is the role of perception evidence? Can a majority preference override a minority right? If yes, what rights and when? Reconcile emerging policies with existing norms…

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Pr Bartha Maria Knoppers Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine Genetics and Society Project University of Montreal Privacy & Population Genomics A Simulated Marriage?

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Wordwide, there are over 120 population-based biobanks each with >10,000 participants

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Large population-based studies around the world Principal Outcomes% of studies General focus55 % Cardiovascular diseases20 % Cancer15 % Other (diabetes, dementia, etc.)10 %

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive CE Recommendation Rec(2006)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on research on biological materials of human origin, March 2006 Article 17 A population biobank is a collection of biological materials that has the following characteristics: Council of Europe The collection has a population basis; It is established, or has been converted, to supply biological materials or data derived therefrom for multiple future research projects; It contains biological materials and associated personal data, which may include or be linked to genealogical, medical and lifestyle data and which maybe regularly updated; It receives and supplies materials in an organised manner.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Lowrance WW. Access to collections of data and materials for health research. Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust, 2006, p.36 Few issue clusters are identified by researchers as so urgently needing resolution as those surrounding confidentiality and anonymisation. They are not unique to data sharing activities, but they are central to them.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Knoppers BM, Saginur M. The Babel of genetic data terminology. Nature Biotechnology. 2005; 23(8):925-7

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Identifiability Reasonable/Practicable Council of Europe Recommendation No. R (97) 5 on the Protection of Medical Data (Feb. 13, 1997) An individual shall not be regarded as identifiable if identification requires an unreasonable amount of time and manpower.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Protection of Genetic Data Four Major Different Normative Approaches to Genetic Information Personal Information Approach - Genetic information in its definition of personal information. Sensitive Information Approach – Prohibits the processing for sensitive data unless law requires it, for public health purposes, or explicit consent is obtained. Health or Medical Information Approach – Covered expressly or impliedly by the definitions of health or medical information. Genetic Information Approach – Accords special status to genetic information and defines what constitutes genetic information and distinguishes it from other types of data, general personal information and health information.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Protection of Genetic Data as Sensitive Information E.C. (Independent Expert Group) Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Genetic Testing: Research, Development and Clinical Applications (2004) Genetic data of importance in a clinical and/or family context should receive the same level of protection as other comparably sensitive medical data.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Protection of Genetic Data as Personal PIPEDA does not use the term genetic information in the definition, it is clear that the comprehensive definition of personal health information includes protection for an individual's genetic information. Source: Matthew Taylor Human Rights Issues Related to Genetic Information and Privacy in A Brave New World : Where Biotechnology and Human Rights Intersect (2005)

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Public Population Project in Genomics A consortium dedicated to fostering international collaboration between researchers and projects in the field of population genomics

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Major goals of P3G boost sample sizes to several million subjects allow powerful gene-environment studies of most common diseases within 10 years instead of years. address needs for replication allow comparisons of genetic effects in different environments sharing the large costs across nations enhance the exchange of information

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive P 3 G Charter Members * Founding Charter Members

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Paul Burton, UK BioBank Technical Report 2005 How long does it take to reach 10,000 cases in a cohort with 500,000 cases? Breast cancer (F)17 yrs Colorectal cancer22 yrs Prostate cancer (M)22 yrs Lung cancer34 yrs Stroke18 yrs MI and coronary death8 yrs Diabetes mellitus6 yrs COPD13 yrs Hip fracture21 yrs Alzheimers disease18 yrs Parkinsons disease23 yrs

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Genomics and Biochemical Investigations Knowledge Curation and Information Technology Ethics, Governance and Public Engagement Epidemiology and Biostatistics P3G Working groups

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive P3G Observatory DESIGN OF STUDIES ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE IT AND COMPUTER SCIENCE STATISTICS CONTEMPORARY BIOBANKING INFORMATION COLLECTION/ PROCESSING KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER Consensus definition of terms in the field of biobanking Reference Tools for Power Calculation Reference procedures for sample collection, management and storage Guiding Principles, Legislation, and Background Papers on Population Genomics Genotyping data analysis Public Databases Tag SNP Selection Programs Genotypes Analysis Software Reference tools for statistical analysis Reference tools for preparation of publications

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Characteristics of the generic data set Comprehensive enough to ensure the realization of valid research Small enough to encourage buy-in. NOT a prescriptive list of all the variables to be collected by a biobank 100 data items (essential and extended) and 100 optional items % of the data items covered in a specific biobank Approach in genetics: consent, confidentiality, access, commercialization, and governance

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Aliquot: A portion of a sample of biological material that has been divided into separated parts. Anonymization:The irreversible removal of personal identifiers from data or samples, such that no specific individual can be identified. Audit: A documented review of procedures in order to evaluate adherence to written standards operating practices (SOPs) or laws and regulations (adapted from ISBER Best Practices, 2005). Biobank/biorepository: An organized collection of human biological material and associated information stored for one or more research purposes Examples

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive P3G Charter of Fundamental Principles PROMOTION OF THE COMMON GOOD - P3G will optimise the benefits of collaborative research publicly-funded research for the benefit of all. RESPONSIBILITY - Protection of the interests of all affected stakeholders including families, groups, populations, researchers and research sponsors is the highest priority. Every effort will be made to respond to the concerns of stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. MUTUAL RESPECT - The development and sustainability of P3G is based on responsibility, collaboration, co-operation, trust and mutual respect for others, which includes recognition of cultural diversity and the scientific specificity of the projects involved ACCOUNTABILITY - All standards, processes and procedures will be transparent and clear, developed on the basis of consensus, and aim to create best practice in the networking of population genomics resources. PROPORTIONALITY - All research materials (such as data and sample) must be protected to the highest standards of privacy and propriety, while at the same time allowing and promoting the free exchange of ideas, data sharing and openness for the benefit of all.

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive CARTaGENE project

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Samples and Data Access Policy Objectives of the project General Principles Samples and Data Access Committee Samples and Data Access Limits on the Use of CARTaGENE Privacy Concerns Access to Information for Participants Material Transfer Agreement

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive HUGO Ethics Committee Recognizing The potential global good arising from genetic research; The scientific and clinical uses of genomic databases; The potential for conflicts between the free flow of information that is crucial to research advances and the legitimate rights to return from research expenditure; The potential risk of misusing genetic data; The need to rapidly place primary genomic sequences in the public domain. Statement on Human Genomic Databases, 2002

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Recommendations Human genomic databases are global public goods. Knowledge useful to human health belongs to humanity. Human genomic databases are a public resource. All humans should share in and have access to the benefits of databases […] HUGO Ethics Committee (continued) Statement on Human Genomic Databases, 2002

29e CONFÉRENCE INTERNATIONALE DES COMMISSAIRES À LA PROTECTION DES DONNÉES ET DE LA VIE PRIVÉE 29 th INTERNATIONAL DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY COMMISSIONERS CONFERENCE 29e Confrence internationale des commissaires à la protection de la vie prive Privacy & Population Genomics A Real Marriage? « accepting benefit from past medical research, inherent in the utilisation of medical services, carries some expectation of a willingness to participate in research for the common good » Bioethics Advisory Committee, Personal Information in Biomedical Research, Singapore, 2007