CHAPTER 14 Prison Life Revised (SY 10-11) Additions made for test preparation CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples of total institutions: … places where people work, play, eat, sleep, and recreate together on a daily basis (coined by Erving Goffman, 1961). Examples of total institutions: Prisons Concentration camps Summer camps Mental hospitals Seminaries CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inmate Society ** Today’s inmate society is socially fragmented, disorganized, and unstable, because of: Increasing racial heterogeneity The racial polarization of modern prisoners Court litigation ** The rise and fall of rehabilitation The increased politicalization of inmates CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Male Inmate’s World

Prison Subculture ** There is a high level of depersonalization in prison; inmates are assigned numbers and self-expression is restricted. New inmates undergo a process of prisonization, through which they learn convict values, attitudes, roles, and language (argot) that make up the prison subculture. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Subcultures Sykes and Messinger: The Inmate Social System (1960) Five elements of the prison code: Don’t interfere with interests of other inmates—don’t rat on others Play it cool—do your own time Don’t whine—be a man Don’t exploit inmates—don’t break your word Don’t be a sucker—don’t trust guards or staff CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Subcultures Four types of subcultures were identified by Stastny and Tyrnauer: official – created a hierarchy based on sentence length, prison jobs and perks. ** traditional – complaints about decline of the convict code reform – inmates participated in civic-style clubs** revolutionary – built on radical political rhetoric CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Argot Language/terms used in one institution are generally understood in another. Examples: ace duce—best friend banger—a knife billy—white man boneyard—conjugal visit chester—child molester dog—homeboy or friend ink—tattoos man walking—signal guard coming tree jumper—rapist CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Argot (cont’d) More examples** rat – informant wolf – masculine role in homosexual relationships vulnerable prison inmates CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Subcultures Two Models of Prison Society: Deprivation model—Prison subculture is an adaptation to the situation. (also called the indigenous origins model) ** Importation model—Inmates bring values, roles, and behaviors with them from the outside world when they enter prison. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types Some of the types of inmates that researchers have described are: Mean dude Hedonist Opportunist Retreatist Legalist Radical Colonist Religious Realist CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inmate Types Mean Dude: Quick to fight Dangerous: best left alone Receives frequent write-ups for violations Spends a lot of time in solitary Prison subculture supports role of mean dude by: Expecting prisoners to be tough Values that say “only the strong survive” CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inmate Types Hedonist: Opportunist: … builds life around limited pleasures in prison (smuggling, gambling, drug running, homosexuality, etc.). Opportunist: … takes advantage of positive experiences prison has to offer, such as schooling, trade programs, counseling, etc. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inmate Types Retreatist: Legalist: … attempts some form of psychological retreat from realities of prison, often becoming heavily involved in drug and alcohol use leading to depression and mental illness. Legalist: … the “jail house” lawyer—fights confinement through the law. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

… has strong religious ties and may be “born again.” Inmate Types Radical: … views himself as a political prisoner, society = the oppressor. Religious: … has strong religious ties and may be “born again.” CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

… views prison as “home” Has many friends inside Inmate Types Colonist: … views prison as “home” Has many friends inside Often holds position of power and/or respect Does not look forward to leaving prison Has been known to commit new crimes to return to prison CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inmate Types Realist: … sees incarceration as a natural consequence of criminal activity— just an unfortunate part of “doing criminal business”—follows inmate code and does not get in trouble. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence and Victimization A good deal of prison violence—but not all—has sexual overtones. In addition, not all instances of sex in prison are violent. not all instances of sex in prison are homosexual. sexual encounters can involve both inmates and staff. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence and Victimization Instances of prison sex can be further divided into three basic categories: Consensual sex for gratification Prostitution ** Sexual assault CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence and Victimization Physical victimization is not the only or even the most frequent kind of victimization in prison. Other kinds include: Economic Psychological Social These may be perpetrated by inmates or staff. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence and Victimization Cigarettes often serve as the medium because currency is typically contraband. Cigarettes serve as a symbolic value of money. ** The sub-rosa economy sets the stage for various kinds of economic victimization, including theft, robbery, fraud, extortion, and loan-sharking. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Women’s Prisons

Female Inmates ** There are more than 97,000 women in state and federal facilities. 6.8% of the total prison population Increasing at a faster rate than male inmates CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Histories/pathways to crime include: Personal Histories and Pathways to Crime The National Institute of Corrections (2003) Histories/pathways to crime include: Survival strategies resulting from poverty and/or physical, sexual, or substance abuse Substance abuse Physical health Mental health Children and marital status Education and employment CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Structure in Women’s Prisons Some researchers have discovered a social structure in which women form relationships with each other that are similar to those experienced outside of prison life. Courtship, marriage Kinship systems – pseudofamilies** Additionally, lesbianism and staff- inmate sexual misconduct exists. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Female Inmates** Esther Hoffman (1972) found three types of female adaptation styles to prison life: The square – noncriminals before prison; conformed to conventional behavior in prison The cool - supportive of inmate values; try to do easy time by manipulating inmates and staff. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Female Inmates** The life – habitual offenders Recently, another female inmate style has appeared – “the crack kid” - “street wise” young women with little respect for traditional prison values. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence in Women’s Prison** Violence is less frequent than in men’s facilities. Violence sometimes comes from staff. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff

The Staff World About 350,000 people are employed in corrections. Staff roles can include: Warden Psychologist Counselor Area supervisor Program director Instructor Correctional officers Physician Therapist CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Correctional Officers Like inmates, correctional officers undergo a socialization process that helps them function by the official and unofficial rules of staff society. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Custody + Control Prison staffers are most concerned with custody and control. Has led to institutionalized procedures for ensuring safety. Most prison staff are classified as custodial – maintain custody. ** Unfortunately, most correctional officers see their work as boring and thus, the turnover rate is quite high. ** CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Professionalism of Correctional Officers Corrections personnel are becoming better trained and more proficient, leading to greater professionalism. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Professionalism of Correctional Officers ** Even though professionalism enhances performance, “rookie” correctional officers learn through socialization that the ideals of professionalism stressed in training are rarely translated into reality. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff: Staff Roles – Correctional Officers Types of correctional officers: Dictator Friend Merchant Turnkey Climber Reformer CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff: Dictator May have sadistic personalities This type of correctional officer is the one most likely to be targeted for vengeance Uses prison rules to enforce their own brand of discipline Some use false bravado to hide their fear of prisoners CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff: Friend Tries to fraternize with the prisoners by trying to be “one-of-the-guys” Usually these are the young and inexperienced officers CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff: Merchant Participates in the prison economy Supplying drugs, pornography, alcohol, and sometimes even weapons to prisoners CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff: Turnkey Cares little about what goes on in the prison May be close to retirement or may have become alienated from job “turnkey” – comes from prison language – someone who is just there to open and shut doors and cares nothing more than just getting through the day CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pursues additional schooling and training programs Prison Staff: Climber Typically a young officer who is interested in advancement More interested in their own careers than the problems of prisoners Pursues additional schooling and training programs CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Staff: Reformer Tends to lend a sympathetic ear to personal needs of prisoners Motivated by personal ideals Some of these officers are very religious Prisoners perceive these officers to be naïve, but harmless CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Riots

Prison Riots The ten years of prison riots between 1970 and 1980 have been referred to as the “explosive decade”. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Causes of Prison Riots** Insensitive prison administration and neglected inmate demands Carry-over of violent criminal lifestyles Dehumanizing prison conditions, including: —overcrowding —lack of personal expression Regulate inmate society and redistribute power among inmates Power vacuums are created among prison administration CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stages of Prison Riots ** Explosion which involves binges (alcohol and drugs), burned buildings, hostage taking, settling of old grudges Organization into inmate led groups Confrontation with authorities** Termination through negotiation or physical confrontation Reaction and explanation usually by investigative commission ** CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prisoner Rights

Hands Off Doctrine Prior to the 1960s, American courts had taken a neutral approach—commonly called the hands-off doctrine—toward the running of prisons. Rested on the belief that inmates experienced civil death. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Legal Basis of Prisoner Rights In Pell v. Procunier (1974) the U.S. Supreme Court established the “balancing test.” Balancing test—attempts to weigh the rights of individuals against the state’s authority to make laws or otherwise restrict a person’s freedom in order to protect its interests and its citizens. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fourteenth Amendment Rights The 14th Amendment guarantees due process of law and equal protection under law. ** The equal-protection clause protects against racial discrimination and gender discrimination. ** However, the rights of female inmates remain underdeveloped. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Precedents in Prisoner Rights

Total Prison Conditions Totality-of-conditions cases involve claims that some combination of prison practices and conditions makes the prison, as a whole, unconstitutional. In the case of Holt v. Sarver, the entire Arkansas prison system was declared unconstitutional on grounds of totality of conditions and was ordered to implement a variety of changes. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Total Prison Conditions Prisons have long had the right to provide only the minimal conditions necessary for human survival: Food Shelter Clothing Medical care to sustain life CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Totality of Conditions Totality of conditions rulings have been handed down against prison systems in Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. ** CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communications and Visitation First Amendment guarantees of freedom of speech apply to inmates’ rights in three areas: Receipt of mail Communications with others (especially those on the outside) Visitation The Procunier v. Martinez case gave prison authority the right to censor mail for security purposes. ** CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Free Speech ** The Supreme Court ruled that censorship (such as of a prisoner’s outgoing mail) is legal only if it furthers one or more of the following substantial government interests: Security Order ** Rehabilitation CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communications and Visitation ** Receipt of Mail The courts generally have not allowed restrictions on receipt of published mail. Magazines that depict deviant sexual behavior can be banned, (poses a threat to prison security). ** A prisoner’s mail can be censored if necessary for security reasons. Magazines, newspapers, and the like must be mailed from the publisher. Prisons cannot ban nude pictures of inmates’ wives or girlfriends. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communications and Visitation Communications with Others In McNamara v. Moody (1979) a federal court upheld an inmate’s right to write vulgar letters to his girlfriend. Prisoners have no inherent right to publish material for use by other prisoners. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communications and Visitation The U.S. Supreme Court upheld a policy that prohibited all inmate visits in Block v. Rutherford (1984). In Overton v. Bazzetta (2003), the Court upheld a state’s visitation plan that limited visitation for certain substance abusing inmates. Media members get no special privileges for interviews, but cannot be denied correspondence. Policies for media access must be administered fairly and without bias. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The First and Fourteenth Amendments provide the basis for Religious Freedom The First and Fourteenth Amendments provide the basis for inmates’ rights claim in the area of religious freedom. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Religious Freedom Cruz v. Beto (1972) Established that prisoners must be given a “reasonable opportunity” to pursue their faith, even if it differs from traditional forms of worship. Meeting facilities must be provided for religious purposes when those same facilities are made available to other groups of prisoners for other purposes. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Religious Freedom Prisoners in segregation do not have to be permitted the opportunity to attend religious services. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Religious Freedom Possessing Items of Worship In Dettmer v. Landon a federal court held that a prisoner who claimed to practice witchcraft must be provided with the artifacts needed for worship. Drugs, dangerous substances, and dangerous items of worship may be banned. It is acceptable to ban wearing beards, even those grown for religious reasons (Hill v. Blackwell [1985]). CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Religious Freedom The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) of 2000. “No government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of the burden on that person 1) is in furtherance of compelling governmental interest; and 2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.” CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Access to the Courts and Legal Assistance The Court in Lewis v. Casey (1996) overturned part of Bounds. Prisoners are not guaranteed the “wherewithal to file any and every type of legal claim.” CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Access to the Courts and Legal Assistance The Court in Johnson v. Avery (1968) held that prisoners under correctional supervision have a right to consult “jailhouse lawyers” for advice when assistance from trained professional is not available. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Access to the Courts and Legal Assistance Indigent inmates: Do not have the right to an appointed lawyer if no judicial proceedings have been initiated against them. Must be provided with stamps for purposes of legal correspondence. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Medical Care ** In Estelle v. Gamble (1976) the U.S. Supreme Court concerned itself with “deliberate indifference” on part of staff toward prisoner’s need for medical attention, Court held prison officials responsible for providing adequate medical care. Deliberate indifference requires both actual knowledge and disregard of risk of harm (per Hudson v. McMillan [1992]). Courts attempt to identify deliberate indifference when examining the quality of medical care provided to inmates. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Medical Care The issue of medical care includes whether inmates can be forced to take medication. In Washington v. Harper (1990), the U.S. Supreme Court held that prisoners can refuse the involuntary administration of antipsychotic drugs unless government officials can demonstrate an “overriding justification” as to why the drugs may be necessary. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Medical Care In Pennsylvania Department of Corrections v. Yeskey (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 applies to prisons and to prison inmates. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Protection from Harm Based on the Eighth Amendment, inmates have the right to: Food, water, and shelter Protection from foreseeable attack Protection from predictable sexual attack Protection against suicide Ironically, the Eighth Amendment has done little to protect inmates from staff brutality because brutality is normally construed as a tort rather than a constitutional issue. ** CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Privacy Most major Supreme Court cases have held that prisoners do not have a reasonable expectation to privacy when incarcerated. Examples: Katz v. U.S. (1967) U.S. v. Ready (1978) Hudson v. Palmer (1984) Block v. Rutherford (1984) CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Grievances Prisons must provide formal opportunities to hear inmate grievances. Grievances handled internally. All sizable prisons have established procedures whereby an inmate files a complaint and receives a mandated responses. Procedures may include a hearing board made of both inmates and staff, or a single staff member may be responsible. Dissatisfied inmates may appeal to an external source. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Disciplinary actions by prison authorities may also require a formalized hearing process. Sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process (Wolff v. McDonnell [1974]). CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Disciplinary Actions Courts generally have held that inmates going before disciplinary hearing boards are entitled to: Notice of the charges brought against them The chance to organize a defense An impartial hearing The opportunity to present witnesses and evidence in their behalf CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine Many recent Supreme Court decisions have signaled what seems like a partial return to “hands off doctrine.” For example, consider: Wilson v. Seiter et. al (1991) Sandin v. Conner (1995) CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) of 1996 The Prison Litigation Reform Act includes a number of provisions that are designed to reduce the number of frivolous lawsuits alleging unconstitutional prison conditions and reduce the number of state inmates filing lawsuits in federal courts. Research suggest that the PLRA has cut down on the number of lawsuits and changed the types of suits filed, though some opponents argue that it could stifle inmates facing real deprivations. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Access to Courts and Legal Assistance Although inmates are allowed to file complaints, a high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates are judged frivolous and are therefore dismissed. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Current Issues Today, prisons face special problems, particularly with: AIDS Geriatric offenders Mentally ill and mentally deficient inmates Terrorism CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

AIDS According to a 2004 Justice Department report, AIDS incidents increased 12-fold since 1987 Some inmates come to prison infected; others contract the HIV virus while incarcerated. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

AIDS ** The most viable strategy available to correctional institutions to reduce the spread of AIDS is prevention through education. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Geriatric Inmates ** The number of prisoners aged 55 and over increased 300% between 1990 and 2005. New prison sentencing policies such as truth in sentencing and mandatory minimum have caused an increase in the number of geriatric offenders.** Geriatric inmates have special needs. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mentally Ill Inmates Some inmates are neurotic, have personality problems, or have serious psychological disorders. Mentally ill and mentally deficient inmates increase tension. Few state-run correctional facilities have any substantial capacity for in-depth psychiatric treatment of inmates who are seriously mentally disturbed. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mentally Deficient Inmates Some studies estimate that about 10% of the inmate population are mentally deficient. Inmates with low IQs have special problems adjusting or completing programs. Most states “mainstream” these inmates. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Special Issues ** Even with violence and medical issues, the vast majority of prison inmates who are not eventually released from prison die from natural causes. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9e PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.