More science...yipee! BY WILLIAM DAVIS

1. What is the Atomic number on an element. a. #of protons b 1.What is the Atomic number on an element? a. #of protons b. #of electrons c. #of neurons d. mass 2.What is the energy of a photon proportional to? a. its electrons b. its protons c. its frequency d. its mass 3.What is the production of light due to an object being at a high temperature? a. fluorescence b. incandescence c. lasers d. light 4.What is the acronym for LED a. Light Excluded Dome b. Light Imitting Diode c. Laser Induced Diode d. Light Emitting Diode Quiz

5. Who invented the "MASER" and when. a. Albert Einstein, 1954 b 5.Who invented the "MASER" and when? a. Albert Einstein, 1954 b. Charles Townes, 1954 c. Max Planck, 1956 d. Theodore Maiman, 1960 6.What does "MASER" stand for? a.Microwave Amplification by Stirred I mmision of Radiation b.Many Articles of Standard Erected Ra diation c.Many Apprentices...Still Enforced...Rats? d.Microwave Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation ANSWERS: 1.-a 2.-c 3.-b 4.-d 5.-b 6.-d Continued

Albert Einstein(as usual) thought about the laser first, kinda Albert Einstein(as usual) thought about the laser first, kinda. In 1917, Einstein published a paper entitled Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung(On the Quantum theory of radiation). 1947, Willis Lamb and R.C. Retherford demonstrated stimulated emission . 1950, Alfred Kastler  proposed optical pumping, where atoms would be excited to a higher energy through absorption of incident light. Kastler was awarded Nobel prize 1966.   History of the Laser

Charles Townes and the MASER During WW ||, Townes made the microwave, using that knowledge, he studied the molecules of atoms. He became a professor in 1950 at Columbia University. He devised a way to pass a beam of excited ammonia molecules through a reflective cavity, where they would emit microwaves. He called this the "MASER". Which stood for Microwave Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation. In 1954Townes and his team demonstrated the first working MASER using excited ammonia molecules in accordance of Townes' original vision. Basov and Prokhorov suggested that optical pumping could be used to create a population inversion in a three-level quantum system. this would ultimately be used in the first laser. Charles Townes and the MASER

After the MASER, people wondered if the same could be accomplished with light.After Townes and a friend of his tried, they just ended up calling it "optical MASERS".He partnered with Gordon Gould. Gordon filed a patent for the laser but was rejected, then he sued them and received 48 patents. Including optical pumpingg and other LASER applications.Some of which were huge scientific breakthroughs Arthur Schawlow tried out the use of rubies. While Irwin Wieder tried as well, he did not generate enough energy. Ali Javan attempted a gas LASER using a helium- neon mixture.May 16, 1960, Theodore Maiman demonstrated the first functional LASER. His LASER used rubies the size of a fingertip to produce 694 nm red laser light.Maiman's LASER gave off the light in short pulses with his design.Schawlow made a LASER later with a different kind of ruby crystal. 1960, Ali Javan, William R. Bennett Jr., and Donald R. Herriott made the first gas LASER. June 26, 1974, a pack of chewing gum was the first item to ever be scanned by a laser barcode reader. Xerox developed laser printing in the early 1970's, by 1979, the laser printer was commercially available. After that, many more laser innovations became available. LASER Conceived