New Orders Missions Church in America Continuing 4.2 New Orders Missions Church in America

New Religious Orders

Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Injured as soldier  Soldier for Christ Military background  chain of command Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope “The Spiritual Exercises” Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

Vincentians/Charitys Vincent de Paul (1581-1660) Focus on the poor; preach to, teach commoners Louise de Marillac  Daughters of Charity Bypass cloister rules by taking private annual vows

Christian Brothers John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719) Educate poor children  escape poverty, crime Began classroom teaching (not private tutors) Considered a founder of modern education

Elizabeth Ann Seton 1774-1821 First American-born saint (canonized 1975) Convert; began Baltimore school Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first religious order begun in the U.S. Credited with beginning the parochial school system

Missionaries

Exploration Begins Events of 1492 1493 ~ Pope Alexander VI draws line, dividing the Atlantic Spain gets West; Portugal gets East 1522 ~ Magellan sails around the world, so a second line is needed Catholics travel to spread the faith; Protestants for trade

Methods Religious Orders ~ Franciscans, Dominicans, and especially Jesuits “Hard” vs. “Soft” “Hard” ~ by force & destruction “Soft” ~ missions; settlements & teach; accommodation/adaptation In the Americas French in the North; Spain in the South

Challenges Conquistadors & Colonizers Danger of Syncretism Enslave the “savages” Educated Christians  human Missions protected the natives Danger of Syncretism To what extent do you “adapt” the faith to local customs, religious practices, etc., before it no longer is Christianity?

Catholicism in the Colonies and U.S.

The American Colonies Established for “religious freedom”? Freedom of OUR, “perfect” religion! 11 of the original 13 colonies had official state religion; only two safe for Catholics Maryland ~ begun as safe haven for Catholics 1649 Act of Toleration Pennsylvania ~ Quaker acceptance Constitution ~ God not mentioned No influence in EITHER direction

John Carroll 1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789 (American Catholics feared foreign bishop) Balanced democracy with Vatican loyalty Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore), Georgetown College (DC), dioceses 1790 – 30,000 American Catholics 1815 – 200,000 American Catholics

Anti-Catholic Sentiment Nativism & Know-Nothing Party “Public” Schools Isolation  vicious cycle Politics/Presidental Candidates 1929 ~ Al Smith 1960 ~ John F. Kennedy John Kerry Paul Ryan & Joe Biden