Chapter 18 Transformations in Europe, 1450 - 1750 AP World History

Visual Analysis Compare/Contrast Italian & Northern Renaissance

Italian/Northern Renaissance Comparisons Thomas More explaining why a ideal government does not take part in unnecessary conquest “the conquered people were always either in rebellion or exposed to foreign invasions, while they were obliged to be incessantly at war, either for or against them, and consequently could never disband their army; that in the meantime they were oppressed with taxes, their money went out of the kingdom, their blood was spilt for the glory of their king without procuring the least advantage to the people” - Thomas More, Utopia Machiavelli explaining his views about ruling and maintaining power “it is much safer to be feared than loved because ...love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails.” ― Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince

Comparing China and Europe in the Use of the Printing Press 1455 First Printed- Bible First language printed in – German Had movable type letters China 1040 First Printed- Not known, Widely printed- Currency Had moveable type but used full page block type

Events of Martin Luther’s Life Joins Monastery Visits Rome- views corruption Writes 95 Thesis (1517 CE) Continues to publish against the Church Summoned to the Diet of Worms Saved by a few votes Kidnapped by Frederick the Wise (his Prince) Forms a new Church Lutheranism

The Peasants Rebellion Peasants Revolted in Luther’s name Luther reacted by: Why?

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) Purpose: The Church held three meetings to discuss reform AND define dogma (official teachings) Some areas were actually reformed Called for the education of priests Improved discipline among the clergy Indulgences got banned after the Council finished its meetings But many teachings were not changed, and were instead reinforced; the ideas of the Protestants were rejected

Europe in 1555

Social and Economic Life The Bourgeoisie Europe experienced spectacular growth from 1500-1700. Wealthy urban Bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing, finance, and especially trade. Amsterdam’s growth, built on trade and finance exemplifies Bourgeoisie power.

Forged mutually beneficial relationships with the monarchs and built extensive family and ethnic networks to facilitate trade. Partnerships between merchants and monarchs led to the development of joint stock companies and stock exchanges. Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1600s provide evidence of the growing importance of trade. Many Bourgeoisie married into noble families or purchased titles of nobility. The bourgeoisie were wealthy town dwellers who earned their money by being a merchant or owning their own business. They dominated trade, finance and manufacturing.

Peasants and Laborers Serfdom disappeared in Western Europe, but gained new prominence in Eastern Europe. African slaves contributed greatly to Europe’s economy. New World crops helped peasants avoid starvation. High consumption of wood for heating, cooking, construction, shipbuilding, and industrial uses led to deforestation. Europeans began to use coal instead of wood. Deforestation had particularly severe effects on the rural poor who had used forests for building materials and food. Urban poor consisted of “deserving poor” and “unworthy poor.”

The trans-Atlantic slave trade Diaspora. The slave trade massively contributed to Europe’s economy via the American colonies.

New World crops, like maize and potatoes, helped peasants avoid starvation. High consumption of wood for heating, cooking, construction, shipbuilding, and industrial uses led to deforestation which had particularly severe effects on the rural poor who had used forests for building materials and food.

Women’s status tied closely to their husband. Women and the Family Women’s status tied closely to their husband. Young people of the Bourgeoisie married late to finish education led to independence from parents and a low birth rate. Bourgeoisie parents great emphasis on education and promoted the establishment of schools. Most schools, professions, and guilds barred women Bourgeoisie women married late to finish their education. This led to an increased independence from parents and a low birth rate.