Do Now What are the three Cultures that impacted the development of the Western Europe What were the effects of the Germanic invasion? What were some of Clovis Significant contribution during his reign? Explain the Spread of Islam. Identify the countries in which Islam emerged. What was the Battle of Tours? And who was responsible for bring the war to a halt. Who was Charlemagne and list all his contributions? Explain Feudalism System ( Elaborate)

The Role of the Church in the Middle Ages

Identify – St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas,Gothic Cathedrals. Learning Objectives Learning Objectives Students will explore the power and authority the Pope and church had in political and daily matters in the Middle Ages. Key Terms: Pope, bishop, parish priest, monk, nun, monastery, secular, relics, pilgrim, tithe, sacraments, interdict, and excommunication. Identify – St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas,Gothic Cathedrals.

The Canaletto Knights above. Churches in the Middle Ages Churches in the Middle Ages As Rome fell, the role of the church played an ever more important role in people’s lives during the Middle Ages. Church authority expanded and was absolute. The Canaletto Knights above.

Church Leaders Church Leaders There were 2 Christian scholars who impacted the culture of the Middle Ages, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Augustine wrote “The City of God,” and in it he argued that only God’s kingdom will last forever. St. Augustine wrote that no empire, even Rome, could last forever, but God’s kingdom does.

Church Leaders Church Leaders St. Augustine’s views led people in this era to follow, without question, the authority of the church to make sure that they would enter the “City of God” or an eternal heaven.

Church Leaders Church Leaders St. Thomas Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica that summarized the beliefs of Christians. Aquinas also reconciled the works of Greek scholars like Aristotle, with the teachings of the church.

Church Leaders Church Leaders St. Thomas Aquinas wrote about “natural law” – the belief that we can reason and evaluate whether a law is just or unjust. Aquinas argued that a ruler’s power came from God, but he felt his power came from God through the people.

Wrote: Impact: St. Augustine St. Thomas Aquinas Church Leaders

Churches in the Middle Ages Organization, order and a church power structure or hierarchy were firmly established.

Church Hierarchy Church Hierarchy

Pope Gregory I – He increased the power of the Pope. Church Hierarchy Church Hierarchy The Pope was the head of the church. The only church was the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinals were the chief advisers to the Pope, while parish priests dealt with local peasants. Pope Gregory I – He increased the power of the Pope.

Pope Gregory I or Gregory the Great. The Pope and the Middle Ages The Pope and the Middle Ages The Pope was the guardian of the spiritual lives for all Christians. He was a political leader, and a secular or worldly power during this era. Pope Gregory I or Gregory the Great.

Pope and his grandsons - Titian The Pope and the Middle Ages The Pope and the Middle Ages The Pope raised armies, held church courts, fought in battles, hired artists, fixed roads, arranged marriages and influenced treaties made by kings. Pope and his grandsons - Titian

A good example of this would be Charlemagne pictured here to the left. The Pope and the Middle Ages The Pope and the Middle Ages A king who secured the blessing of the Pope carried a great deal of influence with the common people he ruled. A good example of this would be Charlemagne pictured here to the left.

Church Leaders Church Leaders Several diocese joined together were governed by an Archbishop. A local diocese was controlled by a bishop. The local parish priest was the church official who dealt with the common people on a daily basis.

Monks were respected and admired in the Middle Ages. Monasteries Monasteries St. Benedict established the 1st community or monastery of monks who lived apart from society in Italy. Monks were respected and admired in the Middle Ages. Monastery (plural: monasteries), a term derived from the Greek word μοναστήριον (monastērion, from μονάζειν "to live alone:),[1] denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer (e.g. an oratory) as well as the domestic quarters and workplace(s) of monastics, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in community or alone (hermits). St. Benedict above.

Church Leaders Church Leaders Monk – a man who separated himself from society and devoted his life to God. Nun – women who withdrew from society to pursue a life of service to God. Hildegard von Bingen above

Monasteries became centers of learning. Monasteries housed monks who provided schools, hospitals and places to stay for travelers. Monasteries became centers of learning. Monastery (plural: monasteries), a term derived from the Greek word μοναστήριον (monastērion, from μονάζειν "to live alone:),[1] denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer (e.g. an oratory) as well as the domestic quarters and workplace(s) of monastics, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in community or alone (hermits). “At the monastery gate” by Waldmuller

Reliquary that holds the “Chains of St. Peter.” Monasteries Monasteries People made pilgrimages to monasteries. They were called pilgrims. For a price, they could view or purchase holy relics. A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance, carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a tangible memorial. Reliquary that holds the “Chains of St. Peter.”

Monk working in a scriptoria above. Monasteries Monasteries Monastery life - monks prayed, ate, worked, slept and worshipped together. In the scriptoria, monks studied and copied books. Monk working in a scriptoria above.

Churches in the Middle Ages Churches in the Middle Ages In the 1100’s a new style of architecture was practiced that allowed for vaulted ceilings, stained glass windows, and lots of light. This style was called the Gothic style of architecture. Gothic Cathedral

Churches in the Middle Ages Churches in the Middle Ages Gothic Cathedrals – buttressed arches, stained glass windows, high ceilings, meant to allow light to shine through, creating the illusion of heaven’s light.

Gothic Cathedrals Chartres Cathedral (about 1913). Churches in the Middle Ages Churches in the Middle Ages Gothic Cathedrals Chartres Cathedral (about 1913).

Noble Family It is important to remember that during the Middle Ages, wealthy families bought positions for their sons in the church, in the government, and in the military.

Peasants working their master’s fields. People of the Middle Ages People of the Middle Ages Most peasants or serfs were unable to read or write. There were no printed copies of the Bible. People trusted and believed in their church officials. Peasants working their master’s fields.

Church Wealth Church Wealth People were required to tithe 10% of their income to the church. Peasants were to work church lands one day a week.

Church Problems Church Problems Simony – selling of church positions. Worldliness – John Huss and John Wycliff accused church officials of living in a worldly fashion. Most of the church officials had never read the Bible. They simply saw their position as a job.

Church Sacraments Church Sacraments People believed that if they did not receive the following sacraments, then their souls were in danger. Baptism, penance, (confession of sins) , communion, marriage, last rites. Ornate pictures like the one above, graced many churches during the Middle Ages.

Church Justice Church Justice Secular Law – laws from the worldly or civil government. Canon Law – church law Excommunication – denied salvation and cut off from the church.

Church Justice Church Justice Interdict – If a king continued to argue with the Pope, no sacraments or religious services would be allowed in that country.

Church and Holy Roman Empire Clash Church and Holy Roman Empire Clash Lay Investiture – the King was allowed to make church appointments. (Officials like bishops in the church). 1075 AD Pope Gregory VII banned the practice of Lay Investiture. He claimed the church should appoint its own officials.

Church and Holy Roman Empire Clash Church and Holy Roman Empire Clash Henry IV was furious….the Pope excommunicated him. The king asked for forgiveness and backed down. Concordant of Worms – Church would appoint Bishops, but Emperors were allowed to veto appointments.

A Knight Templar on Crusade. Churches in the Middle Ages Churches in the Middle Ages The Great Schism, Spanish Inquisition, the Crusades, the Black Death, and ultimately the Protestant Reformation, began to limit the power of the church. These events caused the church to lose a good deal of authority and power. A Knight Templar on Crusade.