1914-1918: Ironies and Intricacies The Great War 1914-1918: Ironies and Intricacies

American recruits taking an IQ test to determine who would be the leaders and officers in the Army

This is a test of common sense. Below are sixteen questions This is a test of common sense. Below are sixteen questions. Three answers are given to each question. You are to look at the answers carefully; then write the letter before the best answer to each question 1. Cats are useful animals, because a. they catch mice b. they are gentle c. they are afraid of dogs 2. Why are pencils more commonly carried than fountain pens? Because a. they are brightly colored b. they are cheaper c. they are not so heavy

3. Why is leather used for shoes? Because a. it is produced in all countries b. it wears well c. it is an animal product 4. Why judge a man by what he does rather than by what he says? Because a. what a man does shows what he really is b. it is wrong to tell a lie c. a deaf man cannot hear what is said

5. If you were asked what you thought of a person whom you didn't know, what should you say? a. I will go and get acquainted b. I think he is all right c. I don't know him and can't say 6. Why do many persons prefer automobiles to street cars? Because a. an auto is made of higher grade materials b. an automobile is more convenient c. street cars are not as safe

7. The feathers on a bird's wings help him to fly because they a. make a wide, light surface b. keep the air off his body c. keep the wings from cooling off too fast 8. All traffic going one way keeps to the same side of the street because a. most people are right handed b. the traffic policeman insists on it c. it avoids confusion and collisions

10. Freezing water bursts pipes because a. cold makes the pipes weaker b. water expands when it freezes c. the ice stops the flow of water 9. Why do inventors patent their inventions? Because a. it gives them control of their inventions b. it creates a greater demand c. it is the custom to get patents

If you didn't speak English or couldn't read, you were give picture tests. Draw in what is missing in each picture.

ANSWERS: 1. they catch mice 2. they are cheaper 3. it wears well 4. what a man does . . . 5. I don't know him . . . 6. an automobile is more . . . 7. makes a wide, light surface 8. it avoids confusion . . . 9. it gives them control . . . 10. water expands . . . picture 12. pig's tail picture 13. crab's small left claw picture 14. cat's shadow picture 15. man's bowling ball picture 16: net

Dulce Et Decorum Est (It is Sweet and Right) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgQhH67oPgY

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Causes of WWI Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary England & France declare war to protect Serbia Germany Fights to protect Austria-Hungary

Triple Entente France Britain Russia **United States The Contenders Triple Entente France Britain Russia **United States Central Powers Germany Austrio-Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire

WWI Tactics

Schlieffen Plan 3rd of Aug, 1914: The aim of the Von Schlieffen plan was to knock France out of the war quickly so that Germany did not have to fight the French and the Russians (=Eastern front) at the same time. The plan failed…

The result of the failed plan: After the first Battle of the Marne (= one month later, 5 – 19 sept, 1914), both sides dug trenches; the war of attrition had begun. The western front became a deadlocked region of battlefields in Northern France where war turned into a long and bloody stalemate.

Trench Warfare Large and complex trench systems on both sides This was a defensive war If both sides are primarily focusing on defense….

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zBQGY_p4QM

What has roots as nobody sees, Is taller than trees Up, up, up it goes, And yet never grows?

What has roots as nobody sees, Is taller than trees Up, up, up it goes, And yet never grows? A Mountain

Voiceless it cries, Wingless flutters, Toothless bites, Mouthless mutters.

Voiceless it cries, Wingless flutters, Toothless bites, Mouthless mutters. Wind

This thing all things devours: Birds, beasts, trees, flowers; Gnaws iron, bites steel; Grinds hard stones to meal; Slays king, ruins town, And beats high mountain down.

This thing all things devours: Birds, beasts, trees, flowers; Gnaws iron, bites steel; Grinds hard stones to meal; Slays king, ruins town, And beats high mountain down. Time

It cannot be seen, cannot be felt, Cannot be heard, cannot be smelt. It lies behind stars and under hills, And empty holes it fills. It comes first and follows after, Ends life, kills laughter.

Poison Gas

Chemical Warfare French started with tear gas grenades. Germany used chemicals in artillery shells, bombs, and grenades. Gas masks developed quickly, became more sophisticated by end of war. (Another idea from British: Set up 100,000 fans.) Many types of gases were used, i.e: tear gas, mustard gas, chlorine gas

Machine Gun Fired ammunition automatically and could wipe out waves of attackers. The machine gun made it very difficult for forces to advance across No Mans Land.

Early tanks Very slow Chains ran off tracks Got stuck in mud Engines overheated Strategically misused and underused until 1918

Questions What prolonged effect would this type of warfare have on soldiers? How would trench warfare affect how countries felt at the end of the war? Would trench warfare be a good tactic to use today? Why and why not?

The Planes… Low speed / low altitude Most planes had low horse power. They were very flimsy and unstable. Hard to fly. Many WW1 pilots died from accidents.

The Aces Manfred von Richthofen. (Germany) Edward "Eddie" Rickenbacker. (US) Von Richthofen had highest kill rate of any pilot. He was shot down by ground fire. Eddie had 27 kills. Richthofen had 80. Link goes to BBC’s website on World War One. Click on “Launch the Animation” and select “Chapter 5: Gas Attack” (loads a flash animation w/sound) Then pose this question to students after having watched the short video clip

What has roots as nobody sees, Is taller than trees Up, up, up it goes, And yet never grows?

What has roots as nobody sees, Is taller than trees Up, up, up it goes, And yet never grows? A Mountain

Voiceless it cries, Wingless flutters, Toothless bites, Mouthless mutters.

Voiceless it cries, Wingless flutters, Toothless bites, Mouthless mutters. Wind

This thing all things devours: Birds, beasts, trees, flowers; Gnaws iron, bites steel; Grinds hard stones to meal; Slays king, ruins town, And beats high mountain down.

This thing all things devours: Birds, beasts, trees, flowers; Gnaws iron, bites steel; Grinds hard stones to meal; Slays king, ruins town, And beats high mountain down. Time

It cannot be seen, cannot be felt, Cannot be heard, cannot be smelt. It lies behind stars and under hills, And empty holes it fills. It comes first and follows after, Ends life, kills laughter.

The Eastern Front This area was a stretch of battlefields along the German and Russian border. Russians & Serbs battled Germans & Austro- Hungarians. It was much more mobile than the West but stalemates and slaughter were just as common.

Discussion Which weapon do you think was most feared by World War One soldiers? Why? Did pre-war plans match what actually occurred along the Western Front? Why or why not?

Changing of the Guard Russian Revolution takes Russia out of the fight The United States steps in Increasing German attacks Zimmerman Telegraph Cease-fire on 9/11/1918

Results of WWI The Treaty of Versailles Germans take blame Small military HUGE fines Land loss Austria-Hungary dissolved The Ottoman Empire is destroyed The U.S. becomes a world power the League of Nations Technology The Russian Revolution

Out With The Old…. The old international system was gone, and replaced by… Cost of WWI: Casualties- 37 million: 16 million deaths and 21 million wounded. The total number of deaths includes 9.7 million military personnel and about 6.8 million civilians. Money- $186 billion in direct costs and another$151 billion in indirect costs

Destruction and Creation of Empires The end of two empires: Austria-Hungary dissolved The Ottoman Empire is dismantled The U.S. becomes a world power the League of Nations is created

The League of Nations Member States

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