Mount Kilauea What are the causes, impacts and responses to volcanic events? How have they been managed?

Background Kilauea has been active for 23,000 years and has been continuously erupting Since 1952 there have been 34 sizeable eruptions Kilauea is the most active currently

Causes A mid ocean hot spot, caused by a plume volcano (radioactive material in the asthenosphere causes the fixed plume to arise) Pacific plate has moved to the NW over the Hot Spot to create an island arc forming the Hawaiian islands They erupt basaltic lava low in viscosity

2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day Impacts 181 houses destroyed $61 million cost added 570 acres of land to Hawaii 2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day large amounts of earth can collapse into the sea lava-seawater explosions occur 1938 cone formed on top of the mountain called the puu oo, in 1992 increased activity caused it to collapse and form a large caldera, more active

Place specifics In 1990 it engulfed Kalapana, fishing a residential village, Black sand beach at Kaimu, Hawaii’s oldest temple, Wahaula heiau

2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day Biggest impact 2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day When sulphur dioxide (SO2)gas is released, it reacts chemically with the air to form a mixture of sulphate aerosols creating a hazy VOG A professor at the University Orvis School of Nursing and studies: an escalation in serious respiratory problems

Management The USGS (united states geological survey) USGS- 127 topographic maps of land features and shapes USGS exploratory drilling program to look for reliable freshwater NAWQA (national water quality assessment program) in 1991 to describe how it is, how it has changed and to educate about how to overcome it GIS (Geographical information system) of Hawaii's active volcanoes to predict and prepare for next ones based on trends slow moving so people can easily be warned and prepare (low viscosity)