U1C2 Exploration and Expansion: 1400-1650 World History

Main Idea Between 1400 and 1700, a new world opened up for Europe. Sailors set out on great voyages of discovery to lands that the people of Europe had not previously known existed. As news of the discoveries spread, countries scrambled to claim new lands, setting up colonies in hopes of gaining wealth and power. Once colonies were established, ships crossed the Atlantic in both directions laden with goods of all kinds.

Essential Question What were the consequences of European exploration and expansion?

Voyages of Discovery: Reasons Renaissance: awakened spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe Age of Exploration: driven by desire for wealth Fame and Glory: to bring honor to your name Spread the Faith: religious zeal from Reformation/Counter-Reformation Curiosity: writings of Marco Polo from 1200s very popular in Europe Advances in Technology: compass, astrolabe, caravel (deep-draft, cannon, lateen sails

Voyages of Discovery: Explorations Portuguese: Henry the Navigator-Prince that sponsored exploration, Vasco de Gama-1497 sailed to India, Bartolomeu Dias-1488-first European to attempt to sail tip of Africa, Pedro Cabral-claimed Brazil Spanish: Christopher Columbus-1492-discovered Caribbean, made 3 voyages, Amerigo Vespucci-1502 discovered not Asia, Vasco Nunez de Balboa-1513-first European to see Pacific, Ferdinand Magellan-1522- first to circumnavigate English: John Cabot-1497-sailed to Canada, Sir Francis Drake-second to circumnavigate, Henry Hudson - 1607-sought northeast passage French: Jacques Cartier-1534-sought NW passage, claimed Canada for France (New France) Dutch: Henry Hudson-1609- sought NE passage for Netherlands, then NW passage, Hudson Bay, Hudson River bear his name

Conquest and Colonies LOCATION DESCRIPTION Caribbean, Mexico, Peru Brazil North America- (New France) Canada, U.S. west of Appalachians to Louisiana North America- Canada N. of New France to Rockies, East coast Spanish used encomienda system, harshly treating Native Americans, slaves Portuguese settled Brazil slowly, limited area due to Treaty of Tordesillas French sent small groups of traders not colonists; did not enslave Native Americans English-1607-Jamestown, 1620- Plymouth; conflicts with Native Americans

French & Indian War: Cause/Effect English tried to settle on land in the Americas that had been claimed by the French Native American groups allied with each side to fight their opponents EFFECT The French lost nearly all of their territory in North America, including Canada Great Britain amassed huge debts, which the British tried to recoup from their colonies

New Patterns of Trade Mercantilism A nation’s strength depends on its wealth as measured in gold and silver Only a fixed amount of wealth exists in the world, and nations have to compete for their share A favorable balance of trade is an important step in gaining wealth Countries should seek to limit imports and maximize exports A country should have its own source for raw materials and precious metals to avoid dependence on others Colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make profit A country’s colonies should not trade with any other countries Capitalism New economic system carried on by private individuals or organizations to seek a profit Individuals, not just governments began to amass great fortunes through oversees trade Inflation caused rising prices due to scarcity of goods Individual investors joined to form join-stock companies Columbian Exchange From the Americas: Animals- guinea pigs, llamas, turkeys. From Europe, Africa, and Asia: Animals- cattle, chickens, donkeys, goats, horses, housecats, mice and rats, pigs, rabbits, sheep. Plants- bananas, black pepper, citrus fruits, coffee, garlic and onions, lettuce, peaches and pears, sugar, wheat, rye, and oats. Diseases-cholera, influenza, malaria, measles, smallpox. Plants- avocados, beans, cashews, chili peppers, chocolate, corn, papayas, peanuts, pecans, pineapples, potatoes, rubber, squash, strawberries, sweet potatoes, tobacco tomatoes, vanilla.

The Atlantic Slave Trade Origins throughout history, slavery existed shortage of labor in Americas Process Triangular trade, middle passage brought slaves to Americas 3-6 weeks voyage, 10-20% died, considered property of owners/masters, brutal life Effects Continued for 400 years, devastated societies in Western Africa 15-20 million Africans shipped against will; deprived millions and dependents of freedom Did not enrich Africa, but enriched other parts of the world African Diaspora: culture, music, art, religion, food in Western world

Essential Question What were the consequences of European exploration and expansion?