Networks of Innovation: Visualizing U.S. patent citation networks in R Soc 359 – Entrepreneurship, Data Expedition Josh Bruce & Molly Copeland 10/31/2018, 11/5/2018

Objectives & Outline By the end of our expedition, you will be able to: Explore data using R in Rstudio Identify components of a patent ego-network Visualize patent networks with igraph Describe innovation in a technology area based on patent networks Outline: Discussion & background Using R & RStudio Patent data in RStudio Visualizing & exploring data in Rstudio Poll class: Who has analyzed data with: Excel? SPSS? SAS or STATA? R? Python? Other?

Download R: https://cloud.r-project.org/ Click on ‘Download R for…’ the appropriate platform (Mac/Windows) Click ‘Install R for the first time’ Click “Download R 3.5.1 for…” Mac or Windows Save the installation file, open it, and install like you install any other program. Download Rstudio: https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/#download Click the Green ‘Download” button under the option for RStudio Desktop FREE Click the correct Installer for Max or Windows Open RStudio to make sure it installed properly. Download the data: Make a folder named Data somewhere you can easily find Go to this Duke Box folder (login with netid): https://tinyurl.com/359data Download all 7 files to your new Data folder Right-click the File “Patent Nets Code” and select ‘Open With’ then ‘RStudio’. If you’ve correctly installed RStudio and downloaded the data, you should see a page of code and notes open in RStudio. Poll class: who has successfully download R & Rstudio & the data?

Ego-network Data On scrap paper: Jot down initials of up to 5 close friends This is one ego-network: a friendship network Draw your ego-network with you at the center, and lines to each friend Connect friends who are also friends (or maybe just know each other) Digging right in: We’re going to be working with a specific kind of data: ego-network data (a subset of social network analysis theories & tools); the math can be complicated (luckily computers do most of it for us) but the idea is intuitive Ego-network exercise

Ego-network Definitions Node – aka vertex – actors Tie – aka edge – relationship between actors Ego – focal node; an ego-network is this actor’s network Alter – all other nodes that aren’t ego Attribute – features or characteristics of nodes or ties Source: http://historicaldataninjas.com/social-network-analysis-for-dummies/

Ego-network Definitions Measures: Size – number of nodes or alters Degree – a node’s number of ties Density – number of ties that exist for the maximum that could possible exist (and many more) Today, focusing on size, degree, density (but many more ego-network measures possible) HP: 3 nodes, degree=2, density=1; friend example: 6 nodes, ego’s degree=5, alter =1 or 2 or 3, density is .53 Source: http://historicaldataninjas.com/social-network-analysis-for-dummies/

Of course, ego-networks are only a slice of much larger networks, but we won’t get into that today Source: https://exploredhblog.wordpress.com/2018/04/10/social-network-analysis-workshop/

Not just friendships… What else could a network represent? (different relationships: kinship, colleagues, classmates, sexual partners, bullying, enemies; different nodes: words in the same book, movies that share actors, countries with em/immigration, papers that cite other research)

Patent Citation Networks Patent applications cite prior patents What are the nodes and edges in a patent network? Automatic Alert System Autonomous Control Processor Roadway Sensors Citation Self-driving Car Navigation System Adaptive Lighting System

Let’s Dig In Open RStudio Use the drop down menus to open the “Patent Nets Code” file you already downloaded from Box Note: R and RStudio are 2 separate things (R is the engine, Rstudio is the driver’s seat) Tutorial continues in Rstudio…

Networks of Innovation: Visualizing U. S Networks of Innovation: Visualizing U.S. patent citation networks in R – Day 2 Soc 359 – Entrepreneurship, Data Expedition Josh Bruce & Molly Copeland 10/31/2018, 11/5/2018

Patents – So what? Why is patenting important? Monopoly on invention (20 years for utility patents) As of March 2013, US is a first-inventor-to-file system Other reasons? What does it cost to patent? Time – 25.3 years months wait after filing (FY 2016) Money – typically ~ $12k, easily > $25k Cost of patenting greatly increases for international registrations Other reasons include: legitimacy of business, funding attraction (govt and investors), licensing revenue

In 2015, Duke made $36.7 million from tech licensing

What’s in a patent? Patent number (once granted) Title Abstract Claims Technology Class (CPC in this case) Citations And more! Focal Patent 1 number = 6116364

With a partner, complete for network 2 or 3: Visualize it. What types of citations are in this network? What are the values for: Size? Density? Ego’s degree? Highest alter degree? Choose an attribute of interest to: Describe in the network (Presence? Avg degree or density for nodes with this attribute? What does this attribute and its distribution in the network tell you about this area of technology and innovation? **What can visualizing or describing patent citation networks tell us about innovation? **What might be some pitfalls or likely problems of these analyses? Can discuss or jot down thoughts on scrap paper or R comments; even if don’t get network visualized or measured, discuss the final two items As able with time, discuss student answers to the prompts