New Type of Additives for Lead-acid Battery

Contents 1 The application of pre-blended expander for lead-acid battery 1 2 Additives to extend life cycle 3 Jinkeli briefing

1 The application of pre-blended expander for lead-acid battery

1.1 Introduction of Jinkeli Pre-blended Expander

Blending What is pre-blended expander? Pre-blended expanders is a kind of additives which uniformly blends lignin, barium sulfate, carbon black and other single chemicals as per the formula to meet specific requirements of various batteries and improve performance. Blending The pre-blended expanders is mixing different apparent density of the single additives into a product of uniform density. With a special processing technology, after weighing each material accurately with high-precision equipment we mix lignin, barium sulfate, carbon and other materials of different AD into a product of uniform density with van der Waals forces in a sealed space.

JINKELI Pre-blended Expanders Production Facilities JINKELI pre-blended expander has achieved fully automatic control production. The whole process are automatically recorded including weight of batching, rechecking and packing and monitor with a closed-loop control system.

Production Process and Control Key parts of the mixing system: 1. Precise weighing system 2. Advanced mixing system Quality Control: 1. Computerized control 2. Rechecking control of weighing 3. Inspection control of finished products

Advantages of JINKELI Pre-blended Expanders Reliable raw materials 2. Advanced formula 3. Uniform paste mixing 4. Precise quantity 5. Simplify procedure 6. Improve plates and battery consistency 7. Lower the cost 8. Clean production

Follow customer’s formula Improve battery quality Develop new formula Meet customers needs Improve battery quality Lower the cost

1.2 The Uniformity Analysis of Jinkeli Pre-blended Expander

SEM-EDS Analysis To Check the Uniformity Simple mixing, not uniform Pre-blended, barium sulfate, carbon black uniformly distributed around lignin

SEM-EDS Analysis of Simple Mixing Simple mixing, not uniform Sodium(lignin) distribution not uniform

SEM-EDS Analysis of Pre-blended Expander Pre-blended, barium sulfate, carbon black uniformly distributed around lignin Sodium element uniform distribution

SEM-EDS Analysis Conclusion 1. Much better uniformity of Pre-blended expander 2. As a dispersant, lignosulfonate uniformly gathers other materials around itself by the force of van der Waals. So other materials will not form agglomeration and will achieve uniform distribution. Consequently a multi-composition structure with uniform A.D. materials are formed. 3. While simple mixing, barium sulfate and carbon black cannot be uniformly mixed, still be in form of agglomeration.

1.3 Differential Thermal Analysis(DSC) of Jinkeli Pre-blended Expander Distribution Uniformity on the Plates

The Theory of DSC Analysis DSC Curve of Lead Paste (without expander) DSC Curve of Lead Paste (with expander) One exothermic peak from lead One exothermic peak from lead & one exothermic peak from expander

Do the integration and heat release of exothermic peak Conclusion: The exothermic peak of the thermal analysis curve is proportional to the additive dosage of the sample. Relationship between unit heat release and expander dosage of 8 samples

※DSC data from the battery producers using pre-blended ※DSC data from the battery producers using simple mixing Relative standard deviation varies from 12%-40% due to different equipments, processing and manual operations. ※DSC data from the battery producers using pre-blended Relative standard deviation decreased to only 4%-12%, significantly reduced the deviation due to different equipments, technique and manual operations of different producers.

DSC data from one battery producer who use both pre-blended expanders and simple mixing For a same company using the same equipment, production processing and manual operations, the consistency of using pre-blended expander is 2-3 times better than manual mixing.

Effect of different materials and way of mixing on the plates consistency Conclusion： 1. Vacuum mixing can slightly improve consistency. 2. Pre-wet mixing can slightly improve consistency. 3. Cabot carbon can effectively improve consistency. 4. Pre-blended expander can significantly improve consistency.

1.4 Pre-blended Expander to Improve Battery Consistency

Cell test Test program: Same formula in three samples as normal expanders, pre-blended No.1 and pre-blended No 2. Pasting and assembly cells as the picture shows, battery with 2pos3neg. 4 cell batteries assembled for each sample. Battery performance testing: -18℃ discharge(40A, 24A), capacity@ -15℃, charge acceptance and high current discharge.

Battery performance test data

* The standard variance is used to represent the dispersion of the same group of data. The larger the value of the standard variance, the larger the data dispersion and the poor of the data consistency. The smaller the value of the standard variance, the smaller the data dispersion and the better consistency. From the above data, we can see that the low temperature performance of the two pre-blended samples has less standard variance than the simple mixing sample. The two pre-blended samples’ data are very close. Demonstrating that pre-blended expander is much better than simple mixing in terms of cell battery consistency

From the above data, we can see that the charge acceptance, -15℃ capacity and 10A discharge performance of two pre-blended samples has less standard variance than the simple mixing sample. The two pre-blended samples’ data are very close. Demonstrating that pre-blended expander is much better than simple mixing in terms of cell battery consistency

1.5 Jinkeli Pre-blended Expander Applications

JS Series Expander Applications: Automotive, motorcycle, marine and other starter batteries Features: Significantly improve cycle life and battery performance at high & low temperature;

JSS Series Applications: EFB&AGM start-stop batteries Features: 电池厂家 A V T L 金科力样品 电池型号 12V65Ah 12V60Ah 电池重量(kg） 16.435 16.940 17.580 17.415 17.420 内阻（mΩ） 3.580 4.700 4.100 3.900 3.800 20hr容量（Ah） 60.095 73.444 66.093 63.743 64.204 -18℃ 640A 10S电压（V) 7.843 7.738 7.835 8.151 8.186 30S电压（V) 7.408 7.206 7.312 7.674 7.685 60.112 75.310 67.775 66.406 66.251 -18℃ 500A 10s电压（V) 7.842 7.322 7.866 7.950 8.031 30s电压（V) 7.337 6.663 7.084 7.514 60.291 75.215 66.459 65.549 66.069 充电接受(A) 28.26 31.93 35.36 31.19 42.35 动态充电接受（AS） 508 325 353 279 620 JSS Series Applications: EFB&AGM start-stop batteries Features: Significantly improve cranking ability; Futher improve charge acceptance and cycle life; Reduce water loss;

JEV Series Expander Applications: EV, Forklift, golf-cart and other motive batteries Features: Excellent low temperature performance; High over-discharge resistance; Good high-rate discharge performance; Long cycle life

JV Series Expander Applications: Telecom, UPS batteries Features: Meet requirements of battery instantaneous high-rate discharge or long time discharge; Lower self-discharge and water loss; Longer cycle life; High-stable performance

JSP Series Expander Applications: Wind and solar power batteries Features: Meet requirements of battery instantaneous high-rate discharge or long time discharge; Lower self-discharge and water loss; Excellent sulfation resistance; Longer cycle life; High-stable performance

2 Additives To Extend Cycle Life

2.1 CuringBon ® （4BS Seed）

JINKELI PATENTED PRODUCT CuringBon® （4BS seed） JINKELI PATENTED PRODUCT Specification ITEM INDEX 4PbO·PbSO4 Content ≥98% Moisture ≤0.3% Median Particle Size 3.5±1 μm Fe ≤0.005 % Features ●High content of 4BS and small particle distribution ●Increase the oxidation rate of free lead in paste ●Reduce the curing temperature to form 4BS in paste and the curing time, save the manufacture cost of battery ●Increase the initial battery capacity and consistency of battery ●Significantly increase cycle life of battery ※ Suggested consumption: 1%~2% in accordance with the weight of lead oxide.

Plates SEM Analysis Adding 4BS Seed CuringBon® 4BS SEM Analysis SEM Analysis of Plates without Seed 0.5% 1% Plates SEM Analysis Adding 4BS Seed

Battery Performance Comparison After Adding 4BS Seed Capacity 2hr （1.5A） Cutoff at V ＜1.75V First time -18℃ Discharge test （40A，24A） Second time -29℃, Discharge test （32A，19.2A）　 No. 2hr Capacity 1 0.3A Capacity 2hr Capacity2 10S Volts 30S Volts 90S Volts Time to 1.0V (s) Time to 1.0V(s) Blank Positive Formulation 3.980 5.555 4.137 5.682 5.371 1.392 1.226 1.372 67.5 1.332 1.060 27.0 +1% 4BS JINKELI 4.223 6.166 4.517 6.155 6.192 1.397 1.291 1.469 82.0 1.331 1.206 1.299 43.5 +1% 4BS from other source 4.047 6.113 4.477 6.210 6.106 1.384 1.247 1.241 49.0 1.333 1.133 32.5 Lab cells: 2 positives+ 3 negatives 4BS addition ratio: 1% Five cells per batch are made.

Start- stop EFB 17.5% DOD Cycle Comparison The addition of 4BS seed can improve 1. Plate crystal structure, and increase battery cycle life 2. Improve the low temperature performance of the battery

2.2 High-strength PET Fiber

High-strength pasting fiber 2019/2/2 High-strength pasting fiber High-strength fiber can greatly increase plate mechanical strength, enhance the bonding force between the active material and grid as well as improve battery life. Advantages: Higher plate mechanical strength; Less plate cracks; Lower plate scrap and waste rate; Longer battery life; Achieve clean production Mixing ratio，% （By WT of lead oxide） Weight loss after 3 drops , % Weight loss after 6 drops , % Weight loss after 10 drops , % 0.1%，High strength 0.27 0.54 1.07 0.1%，normal 0.39 1.45 2.88

Positive plate drop strength comparison: Plates with normal fiber NO. Weight 5 Drops 8 Drops Reject rate after 5 drops Reject rate after 8 drops 1 114.0 113.0 108.0 0.88% 5.26% 2 113.3 112.1 107.4 1.06% 5.21% 3 113.5 112.3 108.9 4.05% 4 109.0 3.80% Average 4.58% Plates with JINKELI high-strength fiber NO. Weight 5Drops 8 Drops 12 Drops Deject rate after 5 drops Reject rate after 8 drops 1 123.1 122.7 121.0 118.1 0.32% 1.71% 2 121.9 120.5 118.5 115.0 1.15% 2.79% 3 121.4 119.6 116.4 0.33% 1.48% 4 122.0 119.1 116.3 0.82% 2.38% 5 122.3 120.8 118.7 1.55% Average 1.98%

Negative plate drop test comparision Plates with normal fiber NO. Weight 5 Drops 8 Drops 12 Drops Wt. loss after 5 drops Wt. loss after 8 drops Wt. loss after 12 drops 1 92.2 90.6 86.5 80.0 1.74% 6.18% 13.47% 2 91.3 89.4 85.5 76.7 2.08% 6.35% 16.33% 3 93.9 92.9 86.9 76.0 1.06% 7.45% 19.27% 4 93.8 92.3 89.5 82.7 1.60% 4.58% 12.03% AVG 15.27% Plates with JINKELI high strength fiber NO. Weight 5 Drops 8 Drops 12 Drops Wt. loss after 5 drops Wt, loss after 8 drops Wt. loss after 12 drops 1 99.2 98.6 97.8 95.4 0.60% 1.41% 3.85% 2 99.4 98.4 96.5 0.20% 1.01% 2.92% 3 99.3 97.1 0.10% 0.70% 2.22% 4 98.7 98.0 95.9 0.50% 1.21% 3.34% 5 101.6 100.7 97.5 0.89% 2.26% 4.07% AVG 3.28%

Positive plates after 8 drops Negative plates after 8 drops High strength fiber Normal fiber High strength fiber Normal fiber

20% Motorcycle Start-Stop batteries Cycle life comparison Fiber type High Strength Fiber Fiber type Life cycle Normal PET 107,000 102,000 High-strength PET 122,000 130,500 20%

3 Jinkeli Briefing

Jinkeli Location

Today ※ Advanced battery R&D Center, continuous technical support and product development ※ The largest battery additives supplier in China and over 70% domestic market share ※ Global sales and service networks ※ ISO 9001:2008 & ISO14000&18000 ※ More than 180 employees ※ 53,334m² production and storage area ※ USD 9.2 million register capitals ※ Sales revenue of Year 2017 ：USD 50 million 2

Jinkeli Plant

KL-99 Anti-oxidation Oil Products Lignin (Vanisperse) Humic acid Pre-blended expander Carbon black Graphite CuringBon® （4BS seed） Barium sulfate Stannous Sulfate Antimony Trioxide Nano-silica Sol Fiber Flock Cork Powder/ Mold coat Fumed Silica KL-99 Anti-oxidation Oil Seamless Pasting Belt

MAIN CUSTOMERS

MAIN CUSTOMERS

R&D Center Jinkeli R&D Center was founded in 2007, and it consists of process lab, cell testing lab and battery testing lab as well as materials analysis labs. Committed to continual development and improvement of additives/ chemicals for lead-acid battery as well as battery technology, provide battery technical support and service.

Technical & Engineering Team

A member of ALABC The Advanced Lead Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) is an international research and development consortium dedicated to enhancing the capabilities of the lead-acid battery to ensure its competitiveness in various energy storage markets. These markets include telecommunications, remote area power supply (RAPS), start/stop automotive systems, and hybrid electric applications. JINKELI has been the member of ALABC since 2014,and always keeps active in the research projects of ALABC.

Labs & Equipments Materials Analysis Lab Materials Analysis Lab High-temperature Lab

2019/2/2 Lab Equipments Atomic absorption spectrometer Content of the Fe, Mn, Cu and other metal impurities of pre-blended expander, humic acid , graphite, etc. Laser particle size analyzer Particle size distribution of barium sulfate, graphite, carbon black, etc. Simultaneous thermal  analyzer（DSC/TGA） Analysis of the ingredients content in the Pre-blended Expanders, and the decalescence, heat release, melting point of the ingredients Electrochemical workstation Measurement for different electrochemical constant

Labs & Equipments Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) It is mainly used for the microstructure and morphology observation of various materials, and the types and contents of microstructures of materials are analyzed. X-ray diffraction(XRD) Complete test of power samples for the peak, phase identification, materials quantification and linear analysis

Labs & Equipments-process lab Paste mixing Mixing Pasting Plates pressing Curing COS Assembly Batteries

Labs & Equipments-Cell testing lab

Labs & Equipments-Battery testing lab

Labs & Equipments-process lab High & Low Temp. Test Equipment

Temperature range: -60℃~150℃ Cycle life test , Over-charge and over-discharge rate test , Capacity test , Internal resistance test , Charge retention test , Battery performance under different temperature , Etc. Accuracy up to 0.02% Temperature range: -60℃~150℃

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