History of Computing – Founders re. PLs Prof. Steven A. Demurjian Computer Science & Engineering Department The University of Connecticut 371 Fairfield Way, Box U-255 Storrs, CT 06269-3255 Steven.Demurjian@uconn.edu http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~steve (860) 486–4818 (Office) (860) 486-3719 (CSE Office)

Highlighting Contributions of Founders Pioneers of Computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science Major Historical Figures: Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, John Backus Noam Chomsky, Edsger Dijkstra, Alan Turing Richard Hamming, Marvin Minsky, Grace Hopper John von Neumann, Frederick Alonzo Church, Additional Figures: Tim Berners-Lee, Edgar F. Codd, Margaret Hamilton, Donald Knuth, Bill Gates Lesley Lamport, John McCarthy, Barbara Liskov, Alan Kay, Stephen Cook, Seymour CrayACM Turing Awards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award ACM Turning Awards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award http://amturing.acm.org/byyear.cfm

Charles Babbage Designed Analytical Engine Ada Lovelace First Programmer http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scanland/mis101/index_htm_files/babbage-abc-eniac.ppt

First General-Purpose Automated Digital Computer Charles Babbage 1791-1871 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine Charles Babbage, its father. Analytical Engine It was never completed by Babbage, due to a lack of standardized parts. English mathematician Frustrated genius One of the most interesting characters in the history of computers.

Central Processing Unit Analytical Engine CPU Central Processing Unit Primary Storage 1,000 50 –digit numbers ALU < > = + - Control Unit Analytical Engine Input Cards Output Cards Secondary Storage Data on Cards

Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada Byron, Lady of Lovelace, Dec 15, 1815 Born to Anna Isabella Milbanke and George Gordon Noel Byron Ada was privately home schooled in mathematics and science Died November 27, 1852at the age of 36 in London, England She was bled to death by her physicians, who were trying to treat her uterine cancer https://computersciencepre-ap1.wikispaces.com/file/view/Augusta+Ada+Byron,+Lady+of+Lovelace.ppt

What’s their invention? She is known as the first programmer, because she wrote a description of Charles Babbage’s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine Ada’s Bernoulli calculation program for specialized calculus operations achieves correct values in today’s computers

What technological Advances/Developments came about because of their invention? The computer language Ada, created by the U.S. Defense Department, was named after Lovelace. The reference manual for the language was approved on December 10, 1980, Ada's birthday, and the Department of Defense Military Standard for the language, "MIL-STD-1815" was given the number of the year of her birth

Did someone help with the invention or who used the innovation process to enhance this development? Ada wrote a program for the Analytical Engine on her own, but she heard a lecture about the difference engine designed by Charles Babbage Ada was inspired her to write her own program based on his lecture

Computational Linguistics INTroduction Lecture 1 Computers and Language http://staff.um.edu.mt/mros1/lin2160/

Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky’s work in the 1950s radically changed linguistics, making syntax central. Chomsky has been the dominant figure in linguistics ever since. Chomsky invented the generative approach to grammar. Basis of context-free grammars can you study in CS Feb 2010 -- MR CLINT - Lecture 1

Grace Hopper By: Joyce Blasingame Teacher Mathematician Computer Scientist Inventor Systems Designer Software Programmer Marketing Whiz Military Leader Grace Hopper http://www.slideshare.net/Elaine1975/grace-hopper-14275961

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992 Married in 1930 Husband died in 1945 1928 BA from Vassar College 1930 MA from Yale University 1934 PhD from Yale University Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray on December 9, 1906 in New York City. She died January 1, 1992 in Arlington, Virginia. She married educator, Vincent Foster Hopper in 1930. He died in 1945 during World War II.

Admiral Hopper 1943 United States Naval Reserve 1946 Harvard’s Computation Laboratory 1949 Senior Mathematician at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation 1955 Sperry Corporation 1967 Leader in the NDAC 1986 Retired from Navy with rank Rear Admiral, Senior Consultant to DEC Two years before her husband’s death, Grace took a leave of absence from Vassar College, and joined The United States Naval Reserve at the age of 37. She was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University. She began her work at Harvard's Cruft Laboratories on the Mark series of computers. (the first large scale digital computer) The Mark I was 51 feet long, eight feet high, and eight feet wide. In 1946, she resigned from her leave of absence from Vassar to become a research fellow in engineering and applied physics at Harvard's Computation Laboratory. In 1949, she joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a Senior Mathematician. EMCC was purchased by Remington Rand in 1950, and later merged into the Sperry Corporation in 1955. In 1967, she became leader in the Naval Data Automation Command. In 1986, she involuntarily retired from the Navy, and was appointed the rank Rear Admiral by President Ronald Reagan. She immediately became a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation, and continued working until she died in her sleep in 1992.

Compiler Grace’s biggest contribution to computing was the invention of the compiler. In 1952 the A-0 Compiler was completed. Grace’s biggest contribution to computing was the invention of the compiler. A compiler is a program that translates another program written in a high-level language into machine language so that it can be executed. In 1952 the A-0 Compiler was completed.

Alonzo Church June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995 American mathematician and logician Made major contributions to: Mathematical logic and the Foundations of theoretical computer science web.eng.fiu.edu/~arellano/1002/Computers/Presentation1.ppt

Alonzo Church He is best known for the lambda calculus, is a formal system for function definition, function application and recursion smallest universal programming language of the World It is equivalent to Turing machines. However, it emphasizes the use of transformation rules and does not care about the actual machine implementing them Underlies LISP, ML, etc. Church–Turing thesis, Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem.

Alonzo Church: Mathematician. Philosopher. Computer Scientist? Alonzo Church is a mathematician and philosopher who developed the very first computer programming language known as Lambda Calculus. Church also worked with Alan Turing in the Church-Turing Thesis, which also was another huge impact on the world of computer science. “He was a pioneer in the field of mathematical logic and the theory of computation” -Alan Turing LAMBDA CALCULUS Lambda (λ) Calculus is a system that is in the world of math logic and computer science for creating a computation by way of combining variables using abstraction. Today, λ Calculus has applications in several different areas: mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. λ Calculus, along with Alan Turing’s Turing machine are important models in computation. EX: Start with the function: 2x Rewritten in Lambda as λx[2x] Now solve this when x=3. λx[2x](3) [2x](3) [2(3)] = 6 ACCOMPLISHMENTS Church died in 1995 being a well decorated man in the math and computer science world. He earned a Ph.D. from Princeton University. His contributions to number theory and the theories of algorithms and computation laid a solid foundation to computer science. CHURCH TURING THESIS The Church-Turing thesis states that any real-world computation can be written into an equivalent computation involving a Turing Machine. wiki.western.edu/mcis/images/3/3f/Alonzo_Church_draft1.ppt

Tim Berners Lee By Jack Neus socialstudiesorange.pbworks.com/f/Tim+Berners+Lee.ppt

What did he do? He invented the World Wide Web, which linked hypertext with TCP and DNS. He invented W3 while working in CERN, a physics lab in Switzerland. Hypertext is the idea of jumping from one document to another. A web page is a document too. TCP and DNS were the early versions of WWW. That was what was used to create the first email.

Who was he? Tim Berners Lee was born on June 8, 1955. Tim Berners Lee graduated from Oxford University. Tim Berners Lee was 35 in 1989, when he first created the world wide web. Tim Berners Lee lives in London, England. Tim Berners Lee is now the president of W3C.

Company Statistics Tim Berners Lee founded W3C, otherwise known as the WWW Consortium. The company is private. You cannot buy shares of it. The company was founded in 1994. The business was a first of its kind, finally introducing things like web pages.

Ten Interesting Computer Scientists http://www.cs.armstrong.edu/greenlaw/presentations/TenScientists.ppt Ten Interesting Computer Scientists Dr. Raymond Greenlaw Armstrong Atlantic State University School of Computing

History of Computer Science 1673 – Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invents a machine to do multiplication 1821 – Charles Babbage builds a machine to calculate exponential functions, begins designing Analytical Engine 1832 – Ada Lovelace begins writing programs (on punch cards) for the nonexistent Analytical Engine, inventing such concepts as loops and subroutines 1935 – Alan Turing defines a model for computation

History of Computer Science 1937 – Claude Shannon links Boolean logic to digital circuit design 1939 – Turing’s work plays a key role in breaking the Germans’ Enigma code machine 1943 – Small computers are being built in multiple countries 1950 – Turing proposes a test of machine intelligence, the Turing test 1956 – John McCarthy coins the term “artificial intelligence”

History of Computer Science 1957 – FORTRAN is released by John Backus and the IBM team 1958 – John McCarthy invents Lisp 1959 – John Backus and Peter Naur propose the use of context-free grammars to describe programming languages 1961 – Edsger Dijkstra applies the semaphore principle used in train signaling systems to mutual exclusion in computer operations

History of Computer Science 1962 – Donald Knuth begins work on The Art of Computer Programming 1971 – Alan Kay develops the first object-oriented programming language, Smalltalk 1971 – Stephen Cook publishes a paper on non-deterministic polynomial completeness (NP-completeness), defining a new family of problems that is not computable in a practical sense

History of Computer Science 1973 – Leonid Levin publishes a paper identifying the class of NP-complete problems independently of Cook (research was conducted in 1971) 1977 – Leslie Lamport defines a model of time for distributed systems based on a partial order of events 1980 – Microsoft is founded, helping to push PCs into widespread use with the public

John Backus “We simply made up the language as we went along. We did not regard language design as a difficult problem, merely a simple prelude to the real problem: designing a compiler which could produce efficient programs...”

Biography - John Backus 1949 – Graduated from Columbia University with a B.S. in Mathematics 1950 – Joined IBM and worked on the SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator) for three years Collaborated with Peter Naur to create Backus-Naur Form Developed FP which helped push functional programming Retired in 1991

Achievements - John Backus Designer of FORTRAN Backus-Naur Form Designed FP, a functional programming language 1977 – Turing Award winner 1987 – named an IBM Fellow 1993 – awarded a Draper Prize

Trivia - John Backus Has a plate in his head of his own design after having a bone tumor Roughly half the work of designing FORTRAN went into generating efficient machine code After retiring in 1991, has completely withdrawn from computer science Practices meditation

Edsger Dijkstra "Computer Science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes."

Biography - Edsger Dijkstra Studied physics at the University of Leiden 1970s – Worked as a research fellow for Burroughs Corporation Worked at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands Held the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in Computer Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin Retired in 2000 Died August 6, 2002

Achievements - Edsger Dijkstra Dijkstra’s algorithm (shortest path) which has been used to solve numerous routing problems The semaphore construct which helped solve the problem of critical regions Formulated the dining philosophers problem 1972 – Turing Award winner Has archive of technical papers at University of Texas at Austin

Trivia - Edsger Dijkstra At age 12, attended Gymnasium Erasminium, an elite Dutch high school “Go To Statement Considered Harmful” was the revised title by Niklaus Wirth (then editor of CACM), originally titled “A case against the goto statement” On team to invent first compiler for ALGOL 60, made a deal with collaborator not to shave until project was complete, kept the beard until his death

Trivia - Edsger Dijkstra Dining Philosophers Imagine that five philosophers are sitting around a table. Before each is a bowl of rice and a chopstick to either side of the bowl. The rules for dining: Each philosopher thinks for a while, eats for a while, and then waits for a while To eat, he must hold both his right and left chopstick They only communicate by lifting and lowering their chopsticks

Alan Kay “All understanding begins with our not accepting the world as it appears.”

Biography - Alan Kay 1966 – B.S. in Mathematics and Molecular Biology, University of Colorado 1969 – M.S. in Electrical Engineering, Ph.D. in Computer Science, University of Utah 1970 – Professor, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 1972 – Group Leader, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center 1984 – Apple Fellow, Apple Computers

Achievements - Alan Kay Designer of Smalltalk Coined the term “object-orientation” Conceived the laptop computer Architect of the modern windowing GUI 2001 – UdK 01-Award winner 2003 – Turing Award winner 2004 – Kyoto Prize and Charles Stark Draper Prize winner

Donald Knuth “Computer programming is an art form, like the creation of poetry or music.”

Biography - Donald Knuth Graduated in 1960 from Case Institute of Technology with a B.S. in Mathematics, was simultaneously awarded an M.S. for his achievements, an unprecedented move Received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from California Institute of Technology in 1963 Joined Stanford University as a Professor of Computer Science in 1968 In 1993, became Professor Emeritus of The Art of Computer Programming at Stanford, where he is still currently located

Achievements - Donald Knuth Authored The Art of Computer Programming, a multi-volume tome on CS Inventor of TeX and METAFONT LR(k) parsing Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm 1974 – Turing Award winner 1979 – National Medal of Science 1995 – John von Neumann Medal

Trivia - Donald Knuth The Art of Computer Programming began as a text about compilers Loves organ music, mostly 4 and 8-hand music which he plays on an organ in his home, he studied piano as a child Pays $2.56 (one hexadecimal dollar) for errors found in his books Quit using email in 1990 Processes all communications in batch-mode

Leslie Lamport “A distributed system is one in which the failure of a computer you didn’t even know existed can render your own computer unusable.”

Biography - Leslie Lamport 1960 – B.S. in mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1963 – M.A., Brandeis University 1972 – Ph.D., Brandeis University 1970-1977 – Massachusetts Computer Associates 1977-1985 – SRI International 1985-2001 – Digital Equipment Corporation/Compaq 2001-Present – Works for Microsoft

Achievements - Leslie Lamport Bakery Algorithm – an improvement to Djikstra’s semaphore idea, which involves each participant getting a ticket Lamport Clocks – A relative time idea used in distributed computing Developed a technique using digital signatures to aid in fault-tolerant systems Designer/developer of LaTeX, a macro system that sits on top of Knuth’s TeX and is used by many scientists for papers

Trivia - Leslie Lamport LaTeX started as a side project to improve the “new version” of TeX introduced in 1982, Lamport estimates he spent about 10 months developing LaTeX Very modest about his involvement with many of his ideas, saying “most of it seems like dumb luck—I happened to be looking at the right problem, at the right time, having the right background.”

John McCarthy “If you want the computer to have general intelligence, the outer structure has to be commonsense knowledge and reasoning.”

Biography - John McCarthy 1948 – B.S. in Mathematics from the California Institute of Technology 1951 – Ph.D. in Mathematics from Princeton Short-term appointments at Princeton, Stanford, Dartmouth, and MIT 1962 – Full Professor at Stanford University Retired at the end of 2000, is now Professor Emeritus

Achievements - John McCarthy Coined the term “artificial intelligence” in 1955 at the Dartmouth Conference Designer of LISP, the principle language of artificial intelligence 1961 – First to propose publicly the selling of computing as a utility, like electricity or water 1962 – Set up the Stanford AI Laboratory 1971 – Turing Award winner

Conclusions This is only a small sampling of people who have contributed greatly to the field of computer science. We would like to thank the many others who haven’t been recognized, but have given greatly to our pool of knowledge. The future is bright, there are many active fields of research, and we look forward to acknowledging other pioneers in computer science.