Phylogeny Systematics Hypothesis Cladistics Derived character Cladogram Dichotomous Key Order Family Genus Species Common name Scientific name Binomial nomenclature Classification Taxonomy Aristotle Linnaeus Kingdom Phylum Class

Diversity of Life There are over 2.5 million identified species Some biologists believe there may be 20 million more that have not been discovered How can you possibly keep track of all of these?

Why do we need to classify? Imagine a store…..how do you know where to find the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same aisle? How is the store “organized”? Are all stores similar? Imagine your computer or mp3 player…..are all of your songs and files in a single folder or do you have them grouped in some way?

….this is why we CLASSIFY When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items ….this is why we CLASSIFY Even websites must  organize their products

Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system for naming organisms Linnaeus to the Rescue! Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system for naming organisms Binomial Nomenclature is a system that gives each organism a two part scientific name For Example: Red Maple = Acer rubrum Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor Which is the genus? The species?

Classifying Organisms Once Linnaeus had come up with a system for naming organisms he started to group them Organisms were put into groups based on similar characteristics These groups are called Taxa and the science of naming and grouping is called Taxonomy Classification the grouping of information or objects based on similarities.

7 Layer Classification System Taxonomy uses a system of 7 levels of taxa The organisms in each Taxon become more closely related as you move down the ladder The Taxons in order of most general to most specific are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

Categories within Kingdoms Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genera contain closely related species Species is unique Categories within Kingdoms

Understand how to identify which species are more closely related.

Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens The scientific name is always the genus + species Humans = Homo sapiens Photo by atomicshark

We only know about a fraction of the organisms that exist or have existed on Earth. Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it’s alive today or extinct. The scientific name comes from one of two “dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek. Why use a dead language?

Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion? Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion?

Which one of these is NOT actually a bear? Photo Credits Panda: Chi King Koala: Belgianchocolate Black Bear: SparkyLeigh

Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Mountain Lion

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

Cougar

There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides. Common names vary according to region. Soooo……this is why we use a scientific name?

Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an organism, is the cornerstone of a branch of biology called systematic taxonomy. Biologists classify organisms by grouping them according to evolutionary descent, not physical characteristics. Systematics, as systematic taxonomy is commonly called, is the study of the evolution of biological diversity.                         

A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms. Why a hypothesis?

Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence:     Fossil record     Morphology     Embryological patterns of development     Chromosomes and DNA

Cladograms Uses derived characteristics to show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Cladistics - is a relatively new system of phylogenetics classification that uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships. Derived Characters: Characteristics that appear more recently in a group but are not seen in older organisms

The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has purple colored body ..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus

Check for Understanding 1.  Fill in the blanks:   Kingdom,  _____________,  Class, Order,  ________________,  Genus,  _______________ 2.  Which two groups are used for an organism's scientific name?  3.  Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related?               Acer rubrum  &  Acer  saccharum             Acer rubrum  &  Chenopodium rubrum 4. The system we use for naming is called  ____________ nomenclature. 5.  The science of classification is called ________________

Check for Understanding 6. A diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship is a ________________________ 7. A characteristic that appears only in recent members is called a ________________ character 8. The study of evolutionary relationships is called __________________________ 9. A system to find the name of an unknown organism is a _______________________ key

3 Domain System

• Domain Archaea The Three Domains Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Includes newly discovered cell types Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Includes other members of old kingdom Monera Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria Domain Eukarya Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells – Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae

The Kingdoms There are currently 6 kingdoms – all organisms can be placed into one of those 6. Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria Number of cells How it obtains energy Type of cell

Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food) Photo by Tambako the Jaguar Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food) Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) Examples: birds, insects, worms, mammals, reptiles, humans Photo by Eduardo Amorim

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic (can make own food; photosynthesis) Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus) Photo by hira3

Kingdom Fungae Multicellular (most) Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers) Eukaryotic Photos by nutmeg66

Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Can be hetertrophic or autotrophic Eukaryotes (all have nucleus) Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae Most live in water Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT

Kingdom Eubacteria & Kingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus) Eubacteria = common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella) Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”, exist in extreme environments

Classification of Living Things Kingdoms and Domains Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Eukarya Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN BACTERIA Kingdoms DOMAIN EUKARYA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

Endosymbiotic Theory

Heterotrophs must get energy by eating Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs. Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down.