Cell Organelles Biology CP

Nucleus Function: Physical appearance: Location: control center of the cell contains chromosomes/DNA Physical appearance: spherical in shape Location: Bacteria: no nucleus Animal: center Plants: side (due to vacuole) Nucleus

Nucleus (continued) Parts: Nucleolus: center of the nucleus produces ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Types: Smooth (SER) and Rough (RER) Location: Attached to nucleus Function: Serves as a pathway (tunnels) for transport of materials throughout the cell Most materials sent to Golgi Apparatus SER: makes lipids RER: makes proteins

Golgi Apparatus Function: modifies, collects, and redistributes materials within the cell or to other cells Physical Appearance: network of “U” shaped pancakes

Golgi Apparatus (continued) Location: Throughout the cell (usually between the ER and cell membrane) Parts: Vesicles (tiny compartments used to transport materials)

Mitochondria Function: Physical Appearance: Creates energy (Adenosine Triphosphate ATP) Process known as cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Semi-autonomous Physical Appearance: Bean/sausage like structure with maze-like squiggles Double membrane

Mitochondria (continued) Location: located throughout the cytoplasm Parts: Cristae: folds of the inner membrane (increase surface area) Contains its own DNA Contains its own ribosomes

Ribosomes Function: production of proteins (translation) Physical Appearance: bead-like appearance Location: found in all cells (free or bound) Free ribosomes: found in cytoplasm Bound ribosomes: attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Parts: Made up of RNA and proteins

Lysosomes Function: Physical Appearance: Breakdown and digests old/foreign material Contains digestive (acidic) enzymes Helps in fighting disease Physical Appearance: Usually spherical in shape

Lysosomes (continued) Location: found throughout the cell Lysosomes (continued)

Cytoskeleton Function: Physical Appearance: Holds structure of the cell transportation Physical Appearance: Varies: tree like branches to hair-like structures Location: throughout the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton (continued) Parts (examples): Cilia: small/numerous hair-like structures used to transport fluids Flagella: long/few tail-like structures used for movement Centriole Pair: used during mitosis of animal cells

(central)

Vacuole Location: found in cytoplasm Function: Physical Appearance: Stores food, wastes, and water Aids in water balance of the cell Physical Appearance: Large formless with no internal structures Can take up to 80% of cell’s volume (start of as several small vacuoles and later mature into one large vacuole)

Cell Wall Function: Physical Appearance: Composed of cellulose Keeps out harmful substances Prevents cell from bursting Physical Appearance: thick layer on the outside border of the cell Underneath the cell wall is the cell membrane Composed of cellulose Location: found on the outside of plant and bacteria cells

Chloroplast Function: Creates food (glucose) for plants Process known as photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Semi-autonomous Physical Appearance: “oval” in shape double membrane Location: side of the cell (pushed by the vacuole)

Chloroplast (continued) Parts: Contains its own DNA Contains its own ribosomes Thylakoid, stroma, grana

Bacteria vs. Plant vs. Animal Organelles Bacteria Plant Animal Cell Wall + - Cell Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Microtubules Centrioles Golgi Apparatus Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast Chromosome/DNA Ribosomes Lysosomes Vacuole