Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on child development in rural Kenya (WASH Benefits Kenya): a cluster-randomised.

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Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on child development in rural Kenya (WASH Benefits Kenya): a cluster-randomised controlled trial  Christine P Stewart, PhD, Patricia Kariger, PhD, Lia Fernald, PhD, Amy J Pickering, PhD, Charles D Arnold, MS, Benjamin F Arnold, PhD, Prof Alan E Hubbard, PhD, Holly N Dentz, MPH, Audrie Lin, PhD, Theodora J Meerkerk, MSc, Erin Milner, PhD, Jenna Swarthout, MS, Prof John M Colford, MD, Clair Null, PhD  The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health  Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 269-280 (April 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30025-7 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Trial profile Numbers are children except where specified. Attrition was at the individual level. WASH=water, sanitation, and handwashing. EASQ=Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire. *Births and deaths reported in year 2 in the figure are cumulative. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2018 2, 269-280DOI: (10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30025-7) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Cumulative probability of children who achieved four of the developmental milestones after 1 year of intervention in the WASH and nutrition group compared with the active control group Hash marks indicate the age of observed children who had achieved the milestone (1·0) or not achieved the milestone (0·0). WASH=water, sanitation, and handwashing. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2018 2, 269-280DOI: (10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30025-7) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions