Reproductive System ♀ ♂

Functions Designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception Intercourse: sexual contact between individuals involving penetration and usually ejaculation and orgasm Conception: the moment pregnancy begins, when sperm meets egg either through fertilization or implantation Both sexes have reproductive organs called genitals or genitalia that allow the system to function

Quick Review Mitosis is the type of cell division that occurs in non-reproductive cells. Produces exact copies of the parent cell Meiosis is cell division that occurs in reproductive cells; gametes. Produces egg and sperm cells with half the genetic material of the parent cells. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis 23 chromosomes are contained in gametes; this is so that when egg and sperm meet, they produce offspring with 46 chromosomes.

Hormonal Control FSH- follicle stimulating hormone LH- luteinizing hormone Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone

Female Reproductive System Female reproductive organs are for: Intercourse Reproduction Urination Pregnancy Childbirth

Click here when completely finished Internal Female Anatomy click on button for more information Click here when completely finished

Frontal View Click here

Ovary (Ovaries) Two solid egg-shaped structures They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles. Ovaries have two main functions: #1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. #2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE Click here

Ovaries

Ova The female reproductive cell. They are the largest cells in the female body. (about the size of a grain of sand.) The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). About 400-500 ova mature and are released over a lifetime Click here

Estrogen and Progesterone Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION. Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum Click here

Oocyte Development

Oocyte Development

Ovulation When the egg is released from the ovary At the age of puberty (10-14) The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization This happens every 28 days It happens at about the 14th day of the cycle Click here

FALLOPIAN TUBES (oviducts) Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle). The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm cells toward the egg cell. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct. Click here

Uterus A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an upside-down pear, about the size of a fist). The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.) The uterus has one main function—to protect and nourish a fetus The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size of a small watermelon. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover. Click here

Cervix The neck or opening of the uterus. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby. How big does it need to dilate to for birth? Click here

Vagina Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during arousal. The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth. The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps to make intercourse easier. Click here

Urethra The opening to the bladder Click here

Clitoris A small, pea shaped bump at the front of the labia. It contains a small amount of erectile tissue. The clitoris increases sexual pleasure Click here

Woman’s Cycle Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding) Day 5 – Menstruation is usually ended Day 14 – Ovum has matured and bursts out of the ovary Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization, estrogen/progesterone levels drop and the endometrium lining breads down Day 28 – Menstruation begins again. Click here

Menstruation Cycle

The Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle typically lasts 28 days; approximately 1 month. One cycle is the amount of time from the beginning of one period to the beginning of the next period. The beginning of a period is marked by the release of the blood and lining from the inside of the uterus. This flow of blood typically lasts 3-7 days and is called menstruation. Menstrual cycle story

The Menstrual Cycle After menstruation, the ovaries release hormones that tell the uterus to grow a new lining and prepare to receive a new egg. As the uterus prepares a new lining, one of the ovaries releases an egg. This is called ovulation. Ovulation occurs about halfway through a woman’s cycle. The egg travels through the Fallopian tube. If it is not fertilized it breaks down and is released with the lining and blood of the uterus.

Menstrual Cycle Timeline

Menstrual Cycle Timeline

The Menstrual Cycle and Fertilization If the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, the egg will implant in the lining of the uterus and begin to develop. Zygote: The first cells of a new organism; the time from fertilization to implantation. Embryo: The zygote is called an embryo from implantation to 8 weeks. Fetus: After 8 weeks of development, the embryo is known as a fetus.

Mammary Glands

TIME LINE: Ages 9-12 Ages 11-14 Late 20-30's Ages 45-55 Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages 11-14 Menstrual cycle begins Late 20-30's Peak sexual urges Ages 45-55 Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues) Click here

Male Reproductive System Male reproductive organs are for: Intercourse Reproduction Urination

Click here when completely finished Male Anatomy Click on a button for more information Click here when completely finished

Scrotum A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm production. Click here

Testicles or Testes The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. The testicles are the male sex gland. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler-than-body temperature for normal growth and development. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. Loss of one does not impair the function of the other. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month. Click here

Testosterone The male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate. Click here

Sperm The microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine. Click here

Spermatogenesis

Physiology of Male System Sperm Analysis One of the first tests done to determine male infertility Sterile if less than 20 million sperm per ml Erection Controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system Nitric oxide causes the smooth muscles to relax and the blood vessels to dilate Ejaculation Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system Also called climax or orgasm

Epididymis The structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity. Click here

Cowpers Gland Two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra. Click here

Vas Deferens Two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the action of the cilia help transport the sperm through the vas deferens. Click here

Seminal Vesicles Two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move. Click here

Prostate Gland Surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible. Click here

Urethra A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body. Click here

Penis The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin. When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers in the penis fill with blood. Click here

SEMEN: A combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra. Click here

EJACULATION The passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions. Click here

TIME LINE: Infancy Ages 11-14 Ages 13-16 Late teens Throughout life Erections begin Ages 11-14 Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages 13-16 Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty) Late teens Peak sexual urges for boys Throughout life If good health is present, there is the sex urge and ability to father children

Let’s Have a Baby!

Pregnancy Pregnancy: when sperm meets egg and forms an embryo Fertilization: the joining of sex cells to form new living things

Development after Fertilization

The placenta: produces hormones such as progesterone and human chorionic gandotropin HCG that keep the placenta attached. It prevents bacteria from the mother to transfer to the child, allows nutrients and antibodies to flow from mother to child, and the transfer of waste from child to mother. Viruses and drugs do cross the placenta. As soon as one week after fertilization HCG can be detected in blood test and two to three weeks in urine.

Childbirth: also known as parturition, labor is the events prior to childbirth. When the fetus grows so much that the placenta cannot meet its nutritional needs stress hormones are release to signal the beginning of labor. Oxytocin and prostaglandins cause the uterus to contract. Stages of labor: Dilation stage: begins when the uterus first contracts and ends when cervix dilates (10cms). Cervical dilation can take 6-12 hours.

Expulsion stage: from the time the cervix is fully dilated until the child leaves the mother’s womb. There are strong placental contractions, this process can take up to 2 hours. Placental stage: uterine contractions discharge the placenta. The umbilical cord is checked for the presence of two arteries and one vein (one indicates a heart disorder).

Hormones, STDs and Disorders

Hormonal Effects

Hormonal Effects

Homeostatic Imbalances Testicular cancer Prostate cancer Prostatitis Cryptochidism Impotence Pelvic inflammatory disease Cervical cancer Uterine prolapse Nondisjunction Sexually transmitted diseases Gonorrhea Syphilis Chlamydia Genital warts Genital herpes Amenorrhea and menopause Dysmenorrhea Endometriosis

STDS

STD STATS Chlamydia- (bacteria) 3 million new cases per year- 75% have no symptoms. Painful frequent urination, discharge, painful sex, sore throat, fever, nausea Gonorrhea- (bacteria) 700,000 cases/year 50% have no symptoms or the same simptoms as Chlamydia Herpes (virus) 1 million new cases/year, 45 million already have it. 1 in 4 pregnant women have herpes HSV-1 (oral sores) HSV-2 genital HIV- 7,000 women give birth per year. 20% of infected babies develop AIDS and die by age 4 HPV- 75% of the reproductive population is infected ( 3 in 4 people) Syphilis- 32,000 new cases/year. A pailess sore is followed by a rash, followed by rough “copper penny” spots on the palm and bottom of feet Trichomoniasis- a bacteria that affects 5 million women/year. Foul smell, green discharge, itching,redness