The Development of the Greek City-States Independent city-states developed in Greece as the Hellenic age began. The arrangement of the geography of Greece encouraged the development of small and separated communities. City-states grew out of earlier village that had been built on mountains and scattered islands.

Athens and Sparta Qualities of the City-States: Independent communities Had forts on hills and mountaintops built for protection City states are also called Polis

Athens vs Sparta ~ Greek city-states Laconia & Attica

ATHENS vs. SPARTA

MILITARY The Spartan warrior was the most feared soldier in Greece The Athenian trireme allowed the navy to protect the Athenian way of life

Social structure ATHENS SPARTA FREEMEN ARISTOCRATS SMALL FARMERS URBAN CRAFTSMEN & TRIREME ROWERS METICS – CAME FROM OUTSIDE ATHENS; NOT ALLOWED TO OWN LAND SLAVES – LOWEST CLASS, NO RIGHTS, PROPERTY OF MASTERS SPARTA SPARTIATES – MILITARY PROFESSIONALS/ CITIZENS OUTSIDERS – FREEMEN; ARTISANS, CRAFTSMEN, MERCHANTS HELOTS – CONQUERED PEOPLES; TREATED LIKE SLAVES; OWED 50% OF PRODUCE TO SPARTIATES

Women’s roles Athenian: Spartan: sequestered in the home not educated responsible for handicrafts and textiles Spartan: Controlled home and land when husbands were fighting “Come back with your shield, or on it.”

EDUCATION ATHENS SPARTA No formal education for girls outside the home Boys learned rhetoric, mathematics, reading writing, poetry, music, gymnastics SPARTA Military school at age 7 for boys Lived in barracks and stole to survive Girls learned athletics

Athens and Sparta Sparta Quiz #2 Athens

Polis The Polis is the center of Greek community life Back to Athens and Sparta The Polis is the center of Greek community life The ideal size of a Polis was about 5,000 male citizens, the only gender counted in official records Develops around forts The Greek city-states were small; the largest, Sparta, covered about 3,200 sq. miles Many city-states were smaller, and a few were larger. Athens, the largest in population, had about 35,000 male citizens in the middle of 500 BC. The rest of the population of 350,000 consisted of women, children, foreign residents and slaves

Sparta Settled by Dorians who occupied part of the Southern Peninsula of Greece, the Peloponnesus. 800 BC- Spartans conquered nearby regions and forced many of the people to work as farm-laborers, or Helots. Helots worked on for the Polis on the farms of Sparta. Helots out numbered the Spartans by 10 to 1. The Spartans lived in constant fear of revolt so they established a strong military government to maintain order.

To produce strong-bodied, fearless people every stage of a Spartan’s life is planned Sickly babies were left to die At the age of seven, a Spartan boy will be moved into a military barracks He will stay there until he turns thirty, toughening his body, learning discipline and training for war Winter and summer he went barefoot and wore only a short tunic He learned to be brave and cunning and to endure pain. Spartan women also were trained in gymnastics and physical endurance Aim of the Spartans

Spartans were expected to marry, but the family was regarded as less important than the polis The polis gave each family land and helots to farm it Women had the responsibility of managing their farms and households Men of Sparta spent more time fighting or practicing military skills. They spent leisure time at a soldier’s club. Even after retiring at age of 60, Spartan men served the government or military schools of the polis After the War… Back to Athens and Sparta

SPARTA’S LEGACY Military contributions The Phalanx (shown in the picture) Training and fighting styles Plato viewed Sparta as the first attempt at forming an “ideal” community Simple lifestyle Laconic – of few words Spartan – frugal, simple, plain

Athens The Athenians were great artists, play-wrights, poets and thinkers. Athens became the commercial & cultural center of Greece. Women were educated only in the skills needed to run a household. Athenians believed that man’s life was empty if he failed to use his mind and develop all his talents.

The Athenians develop new ideas of government Athens took the head in the creation of democracy, which comes from a Greek word meaning “rule by the people”. They chose a group of officials known as archons to rule the polis. Archons tended to favor the upper class. The merchants, artisans & farmers of Athens began to protest against their (archons) rule.

Athenians laws were written. In 621 B.C. an aristocrat named Draco drew up the first written code of laws for Athens. The laws were harsh, and Draco’s code did not change them. The archons who served as judges could interpret the laws as they pleased.

Athenians Laws Solon makes political reforms During this time, nobles owned most farmlands and most of the farmers were in debt to them. The nobles were harsh people. Some peasants who cannot pay their debts either lost their lands or became slaves as a way of paying their debts. Even today harsh laws are called draconian law. The aristocrats passed the problem to a statesman, poet & merchant named Solon. He was regarded as a very wise and just person. Athenians Laws

Athens Given full power, Solon made many changes. He cancelled the debts of the poor, free those who were enslaved, and made slavery for debt illegal. He replaced many of Draco’s law. Solon decreased the power of the nobles. Athenian citizens were divided into four classes and it was based on wealth and not on noble birth. This gave the chance for the three highest ranks and the four classes to hold power. Also the merchants were given the chance to have a say in the government. All male citizens could become a member of the assembly and the lawmaking body could serve on juries. Athens

To improve farmers prosperity, Solon encouraged them to grow new crops. Oil and wine were exported and Athens trade grew quickly. The young people were taught a skill or trade and granted Athenian citizenship to artisans from other cities. Athens's prosperity grew as other handicrafts were traded through the Mediterranean. The reforms didn’t satisfy the nobles or lower class but the assembly pledged to abide by them. Solon, himself, resigned his office and traveled abroad Athens

Pisistratus Promotes Cultural Life A politician named Pisistratus gained the support of the poor and was the firm ruler of Athens In ancient Greece, the sole ruler of a polis is called a tyrant Tyrants used opposive measures therefore developing the meaning of tyrant as a person who rules harshly Although a tyrant, he gave more land to farmers

Athens Pisistratus also promoted Athenian culture life He encouraged sculptors and painters and sponsored drama festivals He had Homer epics collected and gave prices for public readings of them His promotion of the arts laid the foundation for Athens to become the cultural center of Greece.

Cleisthenes Credited with having established democracy in Athens, Cleisthenes' reforms at the end of the 6th Century BC made possible the Golden Age of Athenian civilization that would follow in the 5th Century BC. Born into one of the city's foremost political dynasties, he became the unlikely champion of the people when they rebelled against tyranny. BACK

Cleisthenes Established more Democratic Practices Cleisthenes headed the political party that opposes tyrants Cleisthenes reformed the political system and divided Athens into ten areas called demes (deemz) Fifty men from each deme served as in an Advisory Council All male citizens could vote in the assembly

Athens Cleisthenes started a new practice, that required Athenians to point out and vote anyone they believed was a threat to Athens. If 6,000 votes were cast against a particular person, he was forced to leave Athens for 10 years They wrote the votes on a piece of broken pottery known as ostralum, this practice became known as ostracism Few people were actually ostracized, but the custom gave citizens more power

Athens Thanks for listening!

SCARY! pretty! STRONG! Fearless! Wicked-sick! POWERFUL! Unstoppable! owning! Crazy! Monster kill! God-like! BACK

Polis JOKE! S JOKE! JOKE! Back to Polis

Athens – birthplace of Democracy Adult male citizens directly participated in affairs of the state Trial by a jury selected by lot Ostracism – people could be banished from Athens by vote Council of 500, the Assembly

Athenian legacy – Philosophy, architecture, drama, art

Enumerate the qualities of a city-state? Explain what is a Polis? Make a table of comparison between Sparta and Athens in terms of its government, culture, and daily activities

Quiz 1. It is know as the cradle of Western Civilization 2. The blind poet who influenced Greek Religion and wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey. 3-4. Known as the two heroes of Iliad. 5. This civilization was named after the legendary King Minos. 6. Regarded as the illiterate people who moved to Southern Greece. 7. Known as the Golden Age of Greek Civilization. 8. Known as the most important Greek god, God of Thunder. 9. Known as the god of music, prophecy, medicine, and rational thinking. 10. Known as the goddess of love and beauty Quiz

Quiz 1. It is know as the cradle of Western Civilization 2. The blind poet who influenced Greek Religion and wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey. 3-4. Known as the two heroes of Iliad. 5. This civilization was named after the legendary King Minos. 6. Regarded as the illiterate people who moved to Southern Greece. 7. Known as the Golden Age of Greek Civilization. 8. Known as the most important Greek god, God of Thunder. 9. Known as the god of music, prophecy, medicine, and rational thinking. 10. Known as the goddess of love and beauty Quiz 1. Aegean Sea 2. Homer 3. Achilles 4. Hector 5. Minoan 6. Dorians 7. Hellenic 8. Zeus 9. Apollo 10. Aphrodite