Connective Tissue Anatomy

Connective Tissue Found EVERYWHERE in the body Most abundant 4 main types: Connective tissue proper (fat) Cartilage Bone tissue Blood

Common Characteristics Common origin Arise from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) Degrees of vascularity Cartilage is avascular…etc. Extracellular matrix Separates living cells of the tissue (bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse)

Structural Elements Ground substance Unstructured Serves as glue (allows connective tissue cells to attach themselves to a matrix) Holds a lot of fluids Nutrients can diffuse between blood and cells

Structural Elements Fibers Collagen (tough, resist stress, stronger than steel!) Elastic (stretch  rubberband) Reticular (support tissues of organs, allow more “give” than collagen)

Types of Connective Tissue Embryonic connective tissue: Mesenchyme Gel like Ground substance Give rise to all connective tissue types Primarily in embryo

Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective Tissue: Areolar Gel like Wraps and cushions organs Macrophages in here help with inflammation Holds fluid in Under epithelial cells

Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue: adipose Matrix is areolar Closely packed together Nucleus pushed to side by fat droplets Energy: long term Insulate Support/protect Under skin, around kidneys/eyeballs

Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue: reticular Network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance Form a soft skeleton that supports other cells (white blood cells, macrophages) Lymphoid organs  lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen

Types of Connective Tissue Dense connective tissue: dense regular Parallel collagen fibers Attaches muscle to bone Attaches bone to bone Withstands stress Tendons, ligaments

Types of Connective Tissue Dense connective tissue: dense irregular Irregularly arranged collagen fibers Withstands great tension, strong, can move in many directions Skin, digestive tract, joints

Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage: hyaline Firm Chondroblasts produce matrix Mature chondroblasts are chondrocytes Support/reinforces, cushioning, resist compressive stress Embryonic skeleton, part of ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage: elastic More elasticity than hyaline Maintains shape/structure Supports external ear

Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage: fibrocartilage Thick collagen fibers Absorbs compressive shock Intervertebral discs, discs of knee joint

Types of Connective Tissue Bone: osseous tissue Hard, calcified, a lot of collagen, vascular Support, protect, lever for muscles to act on, stores calcium/minerals, marrow produces blood Bones

Types of Connective Tissue Blood Red and white blood cells in a fluid (plasma) Transport gases, nutrients, wastes Contained within blood vessels

Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue Neurons Transmit electrical impulses for sensory receptors to effectors Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle Long, cylindrical , multi-nucleated, striated Voluntary movement, locomotion, facial expression Attach to bones or occasionally skin

Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Branching, striated, uninucleated, junctions called interalated discs As it contracts it propels blood, involuntary Walls of heart

Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Spindle shaped, nuclei is centered, forms sheets Propels substances along internal passage (urine, baby, food), involuntary Walls of hollow organs

Tissue Repair 1. Inflammation Tissue DRAMA! Injured cell releases chemicals Chemicals cause tissue to dilate  more permeable White blood cells/plasma/antibodies seep into area Construct a clot

Tissue Repair 2. Organization restores blood supply Clot is replaced by granulation tissue (delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries) Granulation tissue bleeds easily (pick at a scab) Produce growth factors Becomes scar tissue (highly resistant to infection  bacteria inhibiting substances)

Tissue Repair Regeneration/fibrosis Epithelium regenerates Scar may be visible or invisible

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