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12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Ch 12 RNA and Protein Synthesis EQ; How does protein synthesis occur? 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins. Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA. RNA contains coded information for making proteins. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Structure of RNA The Structure of RNA There are three main differences between RNA and DNA: The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is generally single-stranded. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Types of RNA Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Types of RNA The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Types of RNA Ribosome Ribosomal RNA The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Ribosomal RNA is combined with proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Types of RNA Amino acid The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Transfer RNA During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Protein Synthesis DNA molecule DNA strand (template) 3¢ 5¢ TRANSCRIPTION mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Codon TRANSLATION Protein Amino acid

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transcription Transcription DNA is copied in the form of RNA This first process is called transcription. The process begins at a section of DNA called a promoter. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transcription RNA RNA polymerase DNA During transcription, RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Genetic Code The Genetic Code The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA instructions. The code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Genetic Code A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid. A codon is a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Genetic Code The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation Translation Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. Nucleus mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA. Lysine Phenylalanine tRNA Methionine Ribosome During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process. mRNA Start codon Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation Protein Synthesis Lysine tRNA During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process. mRNA Translation direction Ribosome Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process. mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Amino acids within a polypeptide Genes and Proteins Codon Codon Codon DNA mRNA Protein Single strand of DNA Codon Codon Codon mRNA This diagram illustrates how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in DNA. The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein, and proteins play a key role in producing an organism’s traits. Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What causes a mutation to occur? Mutations are changes in the genetic material. 12-4 Mutations Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Gene Mutations  Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall