Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy Study of the structure of body parts
Physiology Function of the body parts
Structure is always related to function
Levels of organization Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organisms
Body systems
Integumentary system Hair, Skin, and Nails Functions: 1. Protection 2. Vitamin D Synthesis 3. Cutaneous receptors
Skeletal System Bones, joints Functions 1. Protection of body organs 2. Aid in movement 3. erythropoesis 4. mineral storage
Muscular system Muscles Functions: 1. Movement 2. posture 3. Heat production
Lymphatic system Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen Functions: 1. Houses white blood cells 2. Immune response
Respiratory system Lungs, windpipe, and nasal cavity Functions: 1. Gas exchange
Digestive System Esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine Functions: 1. breakdown food 2. absorption of nutrients 3. elimination of waste
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Functions: 1. Fast response to stimuli
Endocrine Glands that secrete hormones Function: 1. Slow long lived responses
Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels Functions: 1. Blood transport
Urinary System Kidneys, bladder, ureter, and Urethra Functions: 1. Elimination of nitrogenous waste 2. Regulate water, electolyte, And pH of blood
Reproductive System Penis, Testis, prostrate gland (male) Vagina, uterus, ovary (female) Functions: 1. Production of offspring 2. Hormone production
Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis Movement Respond Metabolism Grow reproduce
Homeostatic Controls
Negative Feedback Loop Output of system shuts off original stimulus Example: Fever
Positive Feedback Response enhances original stimulus Example: Labor
Language of anatomy
Anatomical Position Body erect Feet shoulder width apart Palms face foreward
Directions terms Superior (cranial) – Toward the head Inferior (caudal) – Toward the feet Anterior (ventral) – Front of body Posterior (dorsal) – Back of body Medial – Toward midline Lateral – Away from midline Proximal – Closer to trunk Distal- Away from trunk Superficial – Toward body surface Deep – Away from body surface
Regional Terms Axial – main axis of body Appendicular – appendages Pg 14 of Marieb Anatomy and physiology
Body Planes Sagittal plane – divides body in right and left halves Frontal plane – divide body into anterior and posterior positions Transverse plane – divide body into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity – cranial and spinal Ventral Body Cavity 1. Thoracic cavity – contains heart and lungs, and mediastinum 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity -
Membranes Serous membrane – Lines body cavity Visceral membrane – Covers organs Both secrete fluid to reduce friction (serous fluid)
Abdominopelvic regions Right and left hypochondriac Right and left lumbar Right and left iliac Epigastric Umbilical hypogastric
Abdominopelvic quadrants Right and left upper Right and left lower