Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics All animals are multicelled eukaryotes and most have tissues, organs, and organ systems. They have no cell walls. Animals are aerobic heterotrophs that ingest other organisms or withdraw nutrients from them. Animals reproduce sexually; many also reproduce asexually. Their embryos usually develop through a series of stages. Most animals are motile; they actively move about during all or part of the life cycle.

Major Animal Groups Phylum Porifera - sponges Phylum Cnidaria – hydras, jellyfish Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) – flukes, tapeworms Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) – pinworms, hookworm Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) – leeches, earthworms Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, spiders, insects Phylum Mollusca – snails, slugs, clams, squids, octopi Phylum Echinoderms – starfish, sea urchins Phylum Chodata Invertebrate chordates – tunicates, lancelets Vertebrate chordates – fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Sponges Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge Hydras and jellyfish Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Flatworms Examples: flukes, tapeworms, planaria Roundworms Examples: hookworm, pinworms

Phylum Annelida Phylum Arthropoda Examples: crustaceans, spiders, insects, scorpions (segmented worms) Examples: Earthworms, bristleworms, leeches

Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Examples: snails, slugs, clams, squids, octopi Starfish, sea urchins

Phylum Chordata Invertebrate chordates – tunicates, lancelets Vertebrate chordates – fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Body Plans SYMMETRY- arrangement of body parts around a central plane Asymmetry – body can’t be divided into similar sections Radial Symmetry – similar body parts are arranged around a center Bilateral Symmetry – animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane; exhibit cephalization

Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

Animal Behavior Behavior – anything an organism does in response to a stimulus in its environment. Behaviors develop through interactions between genes and environmental inputs. Behavior is ADAPTIVE – adapting allows animals to survive!!!

Types of Animal Behavior 1. Innate Behavior – inherited behaviors (You are pre-wired to recognize stimuli before being born!) Reflexes Instincts territoriality aggression submission courtship behavioral cycles Types of behavioral cycles: -circadian rhythm – occur in daily patterns -migration – periodic movement from one place to another -hibernation – dormancy during winter -estivation –dormancy during summer

Types of Animal Behavior 2. Learned Behavior – these behaviors are acquired or learned over time. Organisms can alter their behaviors as a result of experience. Habituation – organism decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal Imprinting – For example, sparrows have an innate ability to recognize their own species’ song. To sing the complete version, the young birds must first hear it sung by the adults.

Adaptations for DEFENSE Mechanical defense occurs when an animal uses its physical structures such as claws, tusks, stingers and shells. Other examples of mechanical defense include camouflage, cryptic coloration, disruptive coloration, counter shading, etc… Chemical defense occurs when the animal produces stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or just a bad taste