Cell Organelles SER Cell Wall Nuclear Envelope Nucleus Nucleolus SER RER Vacuole Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Centrioles

Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Plant, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi cells Nearly all prokaryotes Functions- Protection, Support, Filtration, Over Expansion and Storage Made from fibers of carbohydrates (plants= cellulose) Cell Membrane All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) Functions- Protection and Filtration Semi-or selectively permeable Anchors cytoskeleton Flexible Phospholipid bilayer (complex double membrane) All Organelles

Nucleus In most eukaryotic cells Control center of cell Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Controls gene expression and DNA replication Controls cell eating, movement and reproduction Nuclear envelope- double layer membrane, separates the nucleus from cytoplasm Filters exchanges between cell and nucleus (via nuclear pores) Protects genetic material RNA travels through to send directions to the rest of the cell Chromatin- DNA condensed to fit in the nucleus DNA & protein complex Chromosomes- Condensed chromatin-threadlike Appear during cell division All genetic info of the cell, transmits heredity Nucleolus- makes ribosomes (begins) Center of nucleus All Organelles

Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm- cytosol & all organelles All cells Cytosol- fluid inside cell Mostly water (transparent) Function- storage of organic & inorganic molecules & site for manufacturing biomolecules & energy (functions of organelles) Cytoskeleton- network of protein filaments Function- Maintains cell shape, aids in movement of some cells and objects or substances inside the cell Motor proteins move organelles along cytoskeleton Microtubules- hollow tubes of protein Maintain shape and serve as “tracks” During cell division help separate chromosomes- centrioles Bundles create cilia (hair-like projections) and flagella (long tail-like projection) Microfilaments- long thing fibers Support and aid in movement All Organelles

Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes- made of RNA and proteins All cells have Site of protein manufacturing Puts amino acids in order following instructions from the nucleus (RNA) Free ribosomes- in the cytoplasm- create proteins for the cell to use Attached ribosomes- on the RER- create proteins for export Rough ER- part of internal membrane system All eukaryotic cells “maze” of cisternae (folds) Also contains tubules and vesicles “Rough” because of attached ribosomes Attach when protein synthesis begins Proteins are made and modified (and packaged) Modification especially of proteins for export and the cell membrane Often proteins go to Golgi Appartus next Surrounds nucleus (membrane attaches to nuclear envelope) All Organelles

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Makes lipids (and phospholipids), breaks down carbohydrates, helps regulate Calcium ions (Ca2+) and detoxifies drugs Also modifies some proteins (special enzymes) Contains enzymes to make sugar (glucose) out of nonsugars Refines steroids Made of cisternae, tubules and vesicles Roller coaster shaped Attached to RER Also attached to cell membrane sensor proteins Brings in biomolecules vital to cell Found in all eukaryotic cells All Organelles

Golgi Appartus Most eukaryotic cells Stack of membranes (5-8 cisternae, number depends on function of cell) 3 parts: Cis= closest to nucleus, Medial= middle, and Trans= closest to cell membrane Vesicles, cisternae and lumen (walls) Attach lipids & carbohydrates to proteins Proteins start in the cis membranes and are modified as they move to the trans membranes Different enzymes in each membrane do different jobs Vesicles bring substances to and from the Golgi Apparatus Small enclosed compartments that store/ transport cell products and wastes Secretes cell chemicals Create lysosomes Some break down and storage Secretion Send proteins to final destination All Organelles

Lysosomes and Vacuoles Lysosomes- small organelles filled with enzymes (mostly digestive) Mostly in animal cells Gets rid of some of cells waste Digest food particles (lipids, carbs and proteins), engulfed viruses & bacteria, macromolecules, and unneeded cells and organelles Disease fighting Remove debris Built in Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles- Store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Many plants have one large one Pressure gives cell structural support Also in single-cell organisms and animals (smaller) Small vacuoles= vesicles All Organelles

Chloroplasts In plants and other photosynthetic organisms photoautrophs Not in animal or fungal cells heterotrophs Use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food molecules Photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide + energy= sugar and oxygen) Substances used by cells to make usable energy Bound by two membranes (double membrane) Outer= regulates what goes in and out of organelle, inner= regulates intake of sugars and proteins going to the cell’s cyotplasm Stroma= Aqueous part Thylakoids= photosynthetic membranes (discs) Green pigment= chlorophyll; found in photosynthetic membranes Grana= Large stacks of thylakoids Lamella holds all together Contains own ribosomes and DNA All Organelles

Mitochondria Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells Release energy stored in food molecules Cellular respiration- uses food to make high energy compounds that the cell can use for growth, division, development and movement Sugar + oxygen  water, carbon dioxide and ATP ATP- adenosine triphosphate- usable energy of cells (chemical) Enclosed by two membranes (double membrane) Bean shaped Inner membranes- cristae (folds- where reactions occur) Matrix- inside- contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes Outer membrane regulates what goes in and out of organelle All Organelles