II. Organelles Special structures that perform necessary functions of the cell Tiny organs. Just like organs in your body you need them to function properly or else it will DIE.

Cells

The Cytoplasm Cell= cyto plasm= fluid Jelly-like material which contains materials in cell. Gives the cell its shape and support Allows for cell movement https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=Pv Z3cjY52O0

The Nucleus Chromatin Controls the cell ( the brain) Serves as the control center of the cell and contains Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Nuclear membrane – Control what goes in or out of the Nucleus.

The Nucleus and The Nucleolus Nucleolus- Contains RNA where ribosome are made Animal, Plant and Eukaryotes have these two organelles Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up Chromosomes which are coiled up bodies of DNA Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell or 23 pairs

23 pairs of chromosomes that vary in size (Karyotype)

Ribosomes Grain like Structures Sites of protein synthesis (makes proteins) Protein factories https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=5- f8AfEvsCQ

The Endoplasmic Reticulum Transports materials throughout the cell. Rough ER contains Ribosome's. makes proteins Smooth ER has no Ribosomes makes lipids, breaks down toxins Transports materials throughout the cell.

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body) Modifies and packages proteins so that they can be sent to the proper location within the cell.

Golgi Bodies/Vesicles Modifies, packages, and secretes the proteins made by the Ribosome's. Look like stacks of pancakes. https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=eH5k8XYKycs

Pinocytotic Vesicle vesicle that contains a fluid or solute being thatis ingestedinto a cellthroughendocytosis

Lysosomes Powerful chemicals that break things down. breaks down larger food molecules into smaller ones. Digests old cell parts https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=ekdIEpSf-1I

Plant Amyloplast Amyloplast– degradation and synthesis of starch ( kind of like a lysosome breaks down starch a type of sugar)

Vacuoles Plays a role in intercellular digestion Store food and water. Are much larger in plant cells. (large central vacuole)

Plant Vacuole stores water and other substances Memorization technique - like vaccum

The Mitochondria Power House of The Cell. Makes ATP/ Energy via cellular respiration These organelles are more plentiful in active cells

Chloroplasts uses sunlight energy to make sugar (glucose) in photosynthesis (In plant cells – works with mitochondria) If we had these you wouldn’t need to go to the grocery store or eat at all. Just lie in the sun and your full!

The Centrioles separate chromosome pairs during mitosis Centrioles produce Microtubules that pull chromosomes apart. Microtubles - also gives the cell structure. It makes up the cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

Centrosomes Found in both plants (simpler version) and animal cells the main organizing center of the microtubules Involved in cell division In animal cells It makes the centrioles http://study.com/acade my/lesson/centrosome- definition-function- quiz.html

The Cell Membrane Cell Membrane controls movement of materials into and out of the cell Is selectively and differentially permeable. Is made of a phospho-lipid bi-layer. Helps maintain the shape of the cell. Maintains homeostasis

Prokaryote Have no formed nucleus Are unicellular Are very disorganized. Have a cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, bacteria have cell membrane Bacteria are prokaryotes

Eukaryote Have a Nucleus Have cell membrane bound organelles Are very organized. Can be singular or multi-cellular. Have these other organelles; nuclei, mitochondrion, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes

Plant Cells Have two main differences from animal cells 1. Cell wall = a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds a cell 2. Chloroplasts = organelles found in plant and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis

Cell Wall Surrounds the cell membrane Provides support and structure Only in plant cells Plant do not have skeletons - no bones, yet there are trees bigger than us. Because of the cell walls that add support.

YOU TALK How do the structures and processes of the cell work together to maintain homeostasis? 2. How does the structure of the cell wall contribute to its function? 3. Why can’t animal cells make their own food? 4. What do animal cells have to have or be able to do in the absence of a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall?