SSUSH10 Identify the identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction.

a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Congressional Reconstruction, including the significance of Lincoln’s assassination and Johnson’s impeachment.

Reconstruction After the war, the South needed to be rebuilt physically, economically, and politically. Reconstruction was the rebuilding of these systems after the war

Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction: 10% Plan Lincoln began planning for Reconstruction during the war. His plan: Southern states had to ratify the 13th Amendment would offer a general amnesty to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty and accepted the end of slavery When 10 percent of the state’s voters took the oath, the state could organize a new state government Lincoln’s plan was very lenient and was intended to make it easy for the South to rejoin the Union

Lincoln’s Assassination: Before Lincoln’s plan could go into effect, he was assassinated on April 14, 1865 Assassin: John Wilkes Booth (supported the Confederacy & killed Lincoln in anger over Southern loss in the Civil War) Lincoln’s death caused chaos to Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Johnson became President after Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 Johnson was a Southern Democrat from Tennessee who remained loyal to the Union during the war Johnson had his own plan for Reconstruction; became known as “Presidential Reconstruction”

Presidential Reconstruction: Like Lincoln, Johnson wanted to restore the political status of the southern states as quickly as possible Offered pardons & restorations to land to most Confederates who swore allegiance to the Union & Constitution Main requirement: each state had to ratify the 13th Amendment & create a state constitution that abolished slavery

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson resented wealthy planters (blamed them for starting the war) & required that they & other Confederate leaders write to him directly, asking for a pardon Was not in favor of giving African Americans the right to vote Supported states’ rights (would be able to limit African Americans’ rights)

Presidential Reconstruction: Southern states began to rebuild to their prewar world; only gave white men the right to vote Southern states instituted the Black Codes Republicans won the vast majority of seats in Congress in the 1866 election and began to reverse many of Johnson’s plans

The Radical Republicans Republicans in Congress made a new plan for Reconstruction: Congress passed the 14th Amendment Divided the South into 5 military districts governed by a Union general Created a process for how each Southern state would reenter the Union; had to write a new Constitution & ratify the 14th Amendment Install the Republican Party in the South Plan was much harsher on the South

Johnson’s Impeachment Congress tries to limit Johnson’s power by passing an act that had to have Senate approval to remove certain officials from office Johnson fired the Secretary of War (Radical Republican in his Cabinet) HOR voted to impeach Johnson charging him with refusing to uphold the law Congress came up one vote short of finding Johnson guilty Johnson remained President, but did not run for re-election in 1868 Johnson was the 1st President to be impeached. What other Presidents faced impeachment charges?

Congressional Reconstruction: Divided the South into 5 military districts Southern states had to guarantee former male slaves & free blacks suffrage State constitutions had to recognize all three Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, & 15th) By 1870, all former Confederate states had been readmitted back to the Union

Writing-To-Win: Which Reconstruction Plan do you think was the best, based on your knowledge from yesterday (Lincoln v. Radical Republican). Explain why you chose your answer and why you think it would be the most beneficial to help rebuild the South. 5 sentences; 15 mins.

b. Investigate the efforts of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands (the Freedman’s Bureau) to support poor whites, former slaves, and American Indians.

Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, & Abandoned Lands: Known as The Freedman’s Bureau, created before Lincoln’s death In an effort to help former slaves, or freedmen, on his “March to the Sea”, General Sherman set aside all abandoned land along the coast for use by former slaves & poor whites The Bureau was in charge of feeding, clothing, healthcare, & reuniting families The Bureau also played a major role in establishing schools for freedmen & poor whites

Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, & Abandoned Lands: Most people helped by the Freedman’s Bureau were black; however some white Southerners also received assistance for food & clothing American Indians also were helped with food (Cherokee & Creek)

Morehouse College Founded in 1867 by a former slave with the purpose of training freed slaves how to read and write

c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

The Civil War Amendments 13th Amendment: Passed by Congress in 1865, it banned slavery in the United States. As part of Reconstruction, Southern states had to ratify the 13th Amendment to rejoin the Union Nullified the Fugitive Slave Act and 3/5 Compromise

14th Amendment Passed by Congress in 1866, the 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized (including former slaves) in the US. It gave all people the right to “due process” and equal protection Southern States had to ratify the 14th Amendment in order to rejoin the Union

15th Amendment Ratified in 1870 the 15th Amendment stated that the right to vote can not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” In essence, the 15th Amendment granted suffrage to the former slaves This Amendment was opposed by many female Abolitionists because it did not extend voting rights to Indian Americans or women.

d. Explain the Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction.

Reconstruction: The South heavily resisted Reconstruction Southern states passed harsh laws that restricted the economic and political rights of freedmen (literacy tests, violence, & poll taxes) Racial equality was not fully achieved during Reconstruction

Ways to limit African Americans’ rights: Poll taxes: black had to pay to vote Literacy tests: had to read and write on a test to vote Violence: African Americans were attacked and violently beaten on the way to polls to vote

Black Codes Not all white southerners accepted the equal status of former slaves. After the 13th Amendment, all former slave states enacted Black Codes, which were laws written to control the lives of freed slaves in ways slaveholders had formerly controlled the lives of their slaves. Black Codes deprived voting rights to freed slaves and allowed plantation owners to take advantage of black workers in ways that made it seem slavery had not been abolished.

The Ku Klux Klan Formed in 1866 in an effort to: Rid the South of Union troops stationed in the military districts Drive out Northern Carpetbaggers Help the Democratic Party regain power in the Sout The Klan burned Black schools, churches, and communities.

Interpreting a Political Cartoon

Enforcement Acts (1870—1871)- The acts made it a federal offense to interfere with the right to vote and used the acts to indict hundreds of Klansmen in the South and brought an end to the Klan (until its rebirth in the 1920s).

e. Analyze how the Presidential Election of 1876 marked the end of Reconstruction.

Presidential Election of 1876 The Election of 1876- Republican - Rutherford Hayes. Democratic - Samuel Tilden. Disputed election results in four states provided no candidate with a majority of Electoral votes (Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, & South Carolina). The House of Representatives failed to choose a President due to party politics. Congress specially chose an Electoral Commission to reach a compromise.

Presidential Election of 1876 The Result of the Election of 1876- Democrats would concede the Election of 1876 if Republicans would agree to remove remaining troops from South. The “Compromise of 1877” officially ended Reconstruction as President Rutherford B. Hayes removed troops from the South.

Individual Writing Assignment: From the perspective of an African-American in the South, how was Reconstruction a success and how was it a failure? 10-15 sentences, use notes & book to gather evidence. Once completed, have a peer read your paper and make corrections or suggestions to improve your writing.