Posterior cruciate ligament

Ligamentous injury Primary signs Total discontinuity Abnormal contour Abnormal signal Secondary signs Bone contusions Anterior translocation of the tibia PCL buckling PCL line sign

Other lesions Collateral Patellar lesions Osteochondritis Fractures

Lateral pressure syndrome Thickening of the lateral retinaculum Lateral knee pain Obese, athletic patients May be associated with chnodromalacia

Patella alta Sequlae of patellofemoral dysplasia Lengthening of the infrapatellar tendon May be associated with chnordomalacia Length of patellar tendon/ length of patella > 1.3

Loose bodies Read with plain films Low signal fragments Synovial osteochnodromatosis

Osteoarthritis DEFINITION Osteoarthritis OA is a degenerative disease of synovial joints, Characterized by Breakdown of articular cartilage Proliferative changes of surrounding bones

EPIDEMIOLOGY Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common joint disease OA of the knee joint is found in 70% of the population over 60 years of age Radiological evidence of OA can be found in over 90 % of the population

LIMITED FUNCTION OA may cause functional loss Activites of daily living Most important cause of disability in old age Major indication for joint replacement surgery

CHARACTERISTICS OF OA OA is a chronic disease of the musculoskeletal system, without systemic involvement OA is mainly a noninflammatory disease of synovial joints No joint ankylosis (immobility and consolidation of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.) is observed in the course of the disease

CLASSIFICATION OF OA Primary OA Secondary OA Etiology is unknown Etiology is known

AGE Primary OA > 40 years Direct correlation Aging process

RISK FACTORS FOR PRIMARY OA Age Sex Obesity Genetics Trauma (daily)

SECONDARY OSTOARTHRITIS Trauma Previous joint disorders; Congenital hip dislocation Infection: Septic arthritis, Brucella, Tb Inflammatory: RA, AS Metabolic: Gout Hematologic: Hemophilia Endocrine: DM

STRUCTURE OF JOINT CARTILAGE Collagen (Type 2) Proteoglycan - Hyaluronic acid - Glycoseaminoglycan Water Condrocyte Regeneration and Degeneration

MRI of osteoarthritis in the knee, with characteristic narrowing of the joint space.

a | Anteroposterior fixed flexion radiograph a | Anteroposterior fixed flexion radiograph. b | Coronal intermediate-weighted 2D turbo spin echo MRI image. c | Coronal T1-weighted 3D fast low angle shot with water excitation MRI image. d | Coronal multiplanar reconstruction of the sagittal double echo steady state acquisition shown in part e. e | Sagittal 3D double echo steady state acquisition with water excitation MRI image. f | Sagittal intermediate-weighted 2D turbo spin echo with fat-suppression MRI image. g |Sagittal 2D multi-echo spin echo (echo time 10–70 ms; the MRI image displayed shows the acquisition with 10 ms echo time). Abbreviation: OAI, Osteoarthritis Initiative.