Word Formation Ι 영어영문학과 이선화

Contents 3.1 Morphemes 3.2 Allomorphs 3.3 Type of Morphemes 3.3.1 Free Morphemes 3.3.2 Bound Morphemes 3.4 Root and Stem

3.1 Morphemes

3.1 Morphemes(형태소) Morpheme is the smallest unit of a language. But structurally a word is not the smallest unit. Because many word can be separated into smaller meaningful units.

3.1 Morphemes(형태소) Ex) denaturalization de- / nature / -al / -ize / -ation / → Each of them have meaning of its own These fragments cannot divided = they would not make any sense.

3.1 Morphemes(형태소) Though -ation has a number of variants, such as –tion, -sion, -ion, they have same suffix. They belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function.

3.1 Morphemes(형태소) With this analysis, we can understand the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

3.2 Allomorphs (이형태)

3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green, want.. They can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. ⇒ monomorphemic words

3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) But some cases, there are exist more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.

cats /s/ bags /z/ matches /iz/ Ex1) [ -s ] To inform about plurality, we use [ -s ]. It has a number of allomorphs in different sound context. cats /s/ bags /z/ matches /iz/ But this phenomena of language do not occur at random. We can predictable.

3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Exception) foot – feet man – men goose – geese t, p, k + s /-s/ d, b, g, l /-z/ s, zʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ + es /-iz/ Exception) foot – feet man – men goose – geese deer - deer fish – fish zero morph

3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Ex2) [ -ed ] As past tense marker, it is realized by /t/, /d/, /id/. /p/ /k/ + /ed/ = worked, helped /t/ /m,n,g,l/ + /ed/ = tried, warmed, enabled /d/ /t/ /d/ + /ed/ = wanted, landed /id/

3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Ex3) [ in- ] This prefix has allomorphs such as /im, ir, il/ depending on the first sound of the base to which the prefix is added. / im / + /p,b,m/ = improper, imbalance / ir / + / r / = irreconcilbale / il / + / l / = illegible

3.3 Type of Morphemes

3.3 Type of Morphemes Morphemes can divide into free morphemes and bound morphemes. 3.3.1 free morphemes These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Each of them consists of a single free root Ex) man, earth, wind, car, anger So we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.

3.3 Type of Morphemes 3.3.2 Bound Morphemes These morphemes cannot occur as separate words are bound. And they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes. Ex) recollection → re + collect + ion idealistic → ideal + ist + ic exprisoner → ex + prison + er

3.3 Type of Morphemes collect, ideal, prison can exist by themselves, so we can call these free morphemes. And the rest re, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex, and –er are bound as none of theme are freestanding units.

3.3 Type of Morphemes The English language possesses a multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes. ex) antecedent root meaning : approach, go to ante / ced / ent suffix meaning : a thing prefix meaning : before Antecedent meaning is ‘something that goes before.’ These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types – bound root and affix

1. Bound root It is part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root. But unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. ex) ‘-dict’ means say or speak, but it is not a word in its own right. So it can form words with affixes. contra = against + dict = speak contradict = speak against pre = before predict = speak before With the suffix, we form many words.

2. Affixes Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups. 1) Inflectional affixes 2) Derivational affixes

1) Inflectional affixes Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate Grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix –s(-es). It is added to nouns ex1) machines, fridges, desks, radios, potatoes.

ex2) She likes to boast about herself and her family. The same forms –s(-es) can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular. ex2) She likes to boast about herself and her family. He works like a professional. She goes to school early in the morning.

The form’s is another one used to indicate the possessive case of nouns. ex3) A new children's library has proven a big hit with local parents. They also believed it was the man's role to make important decisions.

happy - happier - happiest Ex4) -er -est Suffixes are attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees. happy - happier - happiest hard - harder – hardest

The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable, it makes English one of the easiest languages to learn.

2) Derivational affixes Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Also it can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the word. pre + war , sub + sea Suffixes after the word blood + y , north + word

Diagram free = free root morpheme bound root prefix bound derivational affix suffix inflectional

3.4 Root and Stem Root It is basic form of word which cannot be further and analyzed. Whether free or bound it carries the main component of meaning in a word. ex) internationalists inter-/ –al / -ist / -s and leaves the root nation. But if we divide nation into na/tion or nat/ion the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost.

So now, we understand ‘root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed’

ex) internationalists Stem Stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It is a form which is affixes of any kind can be added. ex) internationalists → nation is a root and a stem as well. All the rest national, international, internationalist are stem. To be safe, we will use stem only because it can replace root and also refer to any form which is larger than a root.

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