The Reformation Early to mid-1500s

Unit Objectives To learn and analyze the causes of the Reformation To learn the reasons why Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church To learn the impact of Luther’s decision to leave the Church To learn the differences between Catholicism and Lutheranism To learn and analyze the differences between Luther and other reformers To identify the important figures and groups of the Reformation and what they believed in

What does it mean to reform something? What was in need of reforming in the 1500’s?

Criticisms of the Catholic Church People were questioning the “old ways” as a result of learning to think for themselves and as a result of getting educated during the Renaissance Some were unhappy with the Catholic Church and welcomed new options because they questions the strictness of the Church, its overall extravagance, and its complicated masses conducted in Latin

Martin Luther was a German monk who favored reform What was his main grievance against the Catholic Church?

INDULGENCES—PAYING FOR FORGIVENESS OF SINS OR CHURCH POSITIONS -What did he try to do about it?

HE NAILED A LIST OF GRIEVANCES (THE 95 THESIS) TO CHURCH DOOR Someone used the printing press to spread the 95 Thesis all over Western Europe--What happened to Luther as a result?

HE WAS EXCOMMUNICATED AND EXILED BY CHURCH -How did that work to his advantage? HIS IDEAS BECAME POPULAR AND SPREAD

What did Luther use his time in exile to do?

HE TRANSLATED THE BIBLE INTO GERMAN AND USED THE PRINTING PRESS TO REPRODUCE IT Why did Luther refuse to recant?

HE SAID HE WOULD RECANT ONLY IF THE CHURCH COULD PROVE WITH SCRIPTURE (THE BIBLE) HE WAS WRONG—THEY COULDN’T

What was the main difference in what Luther believed in comparison to what the Catholic Church taught?

JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH (CAN GET TO HEAVEN SIMPLY BY BELIEVING IN GOD—NO NEED TO DO EXTRA THINGS CHURCH SAID YOU HAD TO DO) “God doesn’t need your good works, your neighbor does.” Other differences between Catholicism and Lutheranism (a form of Protestantism): The Bible, not the Pope was the true authority on religion; Church doctrine and rituals were simplified; All occupations were seen as important, not just religious ones

Protestantism Any Christian religion that is not Catholic Luther’s version of it was called “Lutheranism” Peasant’s Revolt (War): Many peasants used the teachings of Luther to justify rising up against their feudal lords—He opposed that

Many divisions formed within Protestantism as it spread Zwingli (Zurich, Switzerland): WANTED COMPLETE BREAK WITH CATHOLIC TRADITIONS   -Theocracy: A church-run government

John Calvin (Geneva, Switzerland): Also wanted to break away from Catholic traditions   -Predestination: Things in life are pre-determined— what you do if life will not change your fate after death

Anabaptists: -Baptized adult members instead of babies— Why? -Anabaptists also refused to take oaths or bear arms, they lived separate lives from the rest of society and were often persecuted for their beliefs, many fled to America for religious freedom, and they greatly influenced American ideas like separation of church and state

The Church of England Henry VIII: What did he want that brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church and why did he want it?

HE WANTED A DIVORCE BECAUSE HIS WIFE HAD FAILED TO PROVIDE A MALE HEIR When the Church refused to give Henry what he wanted what did he do?

HE CREATED HIS OWN RELIGION LOOSELY MODELED AFTER PROTESTANTISM, PLACED THE KING AS THE HEAD OF THE NEW CHURCH, AND GRANTED HIMSELF A DIVORCE The Catholic Church excommunicated Henry; He didn’t care

Anne Boleyn: HENRY’S MISTRESS WHO HE WANTED TO MARRY AFTER GETTING HIS DIVORCE

ANNE ALSO FAILED TO PROVIDE A MALE HEIR AND WAS BEHEADED FOR TREASON

Queen Mary (Bloody Mary): Henry’s daughter; Had her sister Elizabeth imprisoned so she couldn’t compete with her for the throne; Tried to restore Catholicism by burning Protestants at the stake

Queen Elizabeth I: Henry’s other daughter; Became queen after Mary died; Combined Catholicism and Protestantism to form the Anglican Church

Catholic (Counter) Reformation Attempt by Catholic Church to reform itself to keep more people from leaving and stop the spread of Protestantism The Church investigated the use of indulgences and decided not to sell them anymore Great Schism: Church ended up dividing into two separate Catholic Churches (Roman Catholic based in Rome and Eastern Orthodox in Eastern Europe)

What was Luther’s main problem with the Catholic Church? The Church granted indulgences The Church refused to grant indulgences The Church granted divorces The Church refused to grant divorces Luther believed people had to perform “good works” to get into Heaven

Paying for the forgiveness of sins was called: Tithing Predestination Indulgences Penance Theocracy

What did Luther do that got him in trouble with the Catholic Church? He nailed a list of grievances to his church door He printed a book criticizing the Church He led the Peasant’s Revolt He founded the Anglican Church

What landmark thing did Luther do while in exile? He founded the Anglican Church He got married He write a book criticizing the Church He translated the Bible into German

What was the main issue that made up the main difference between Catholicism and Lutheranism/Protestantism? Indulgences Justification By Faith Allowing priests to marry Confession of sins The Bible as the sole source of God’s Word

Who believed in Predestination? Luther Zwingli Calvin Henry VIII Elizabeth I

Who founded the Anglican Church? Luther Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Elizabeth I Queen Mary