President Andrew Jackson and “Jacksonian Democracy”

Education Objectives This slide presentation is a review of the events, concepts, and key vocabulary terms during the President Andrew Jackson era.

The Election of 1824 In 1824 there was heated race for president. There were four men hoping to replace James Monroe as president. These four men were John Quincy Adams (the son of John Adams), William Crawford, Henry Clay (“the great compromiser”) and Andrew Jackson. John Quinzy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay

John Quincy Adams Becomes 6th President Jackson won the popular vote* in the Election of 1824, but did not receive enough electoral college votes*. According to the Constitution, if one person does not win a majority of electoral votes, the U.S. House of Representatives must choose the president. The House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams to be the 6th U.S. President.

Corrupt Bargain Shady and

Key Vocabulary Terms Popular Vote: the vote for a U.S. Presidential candidate by all eligible voters, as opposed to a vote by the electoral college or the House of Representatives. Electoral College Vote: is the process to determine the President of the U.S. When you vote for president, you vote for electors (representatives of people voting) in each state that combine with other electors based on majority rule (candidate with most electors).

Popular Vote vs. Electoral College

Jackson is Not Happy!! Andrew Jackson felt that John Quincy Adams had stolen the presidency from him. He was so upset he was determined to run again in the next election and win as president in 1828.

Democratic Republican Party Splits For the next four years after the election of 1824, the gap in the Democratic-Republican Party grew wider and the party was about to split in two. Some in the party supported Andrew Jackson and others supported John Quincy Adams.

“Common Man” Andrew Jackson claimed that he represented the “common man.” He said that Adams represented people who were privileged and wealthy ($$). The division eventually created two parties. The Democrats supported Andrew Jackson, and the National-Republicans supported Adams.

President for the “Common Man” During his campaign for president Andrew Jackson claimed that he represented the “common man”. He promised to look out for the interests of average people, not just the rich and well- educated. Jackson was determined to have the majority rule, regardless of one’s education or wealth. This idea of the majority rule has become known as “Jacksonian Democracy”.

Andrew Jackson Wins Election of 1828! Large numbers of Western farmers and workers in the nations cities turned out to vote for Andrew Jackson. With an overwhelming number of votes, Andrew Jackson won the 1828 race for president making him the 7th president of the United States.

The People’s President So who was Andrew Jackson? Well, Andrew Jackson had a hard life growing up on a frontier farm. At the age of 13 he and his brother were taken prisoner by the British during the Revolutionary War. While being held captive, he apparently refused to shine the boots of a British officer. The officer then hit Jackson with a sword cutting both his hands and face and leaving ugly scars.

Scars on Andrew Jackson’s face

Revenge of Andrew Jackson! After his experience being held prisoner by the British when he was 13 he developed a strong hatred for anything British. At the age of 35, Andrew Jackson was given the chance to fight the British during the War of 1812.

“Old Hickory” Jackson was appointed to be a general in the American Army. At the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, Jackson crushed the British army even though his troops were greatly outnumbered. He became a national war hero. He earned the nickname “Old Hickory,” after a solider said he was as “tough as a hickory tree.”

Death of President Jackson’s Wife Shortly after Jackson won the election of 1828 his wife Rachel died of a heart attack. Andrew Jackson looked thin, pale and sad during his inauguration on March 4, 1829.

Jackson’s Inauguration Thousands of people were there to celebrate Jackson becoming president. One person wrote, “all sorts of people, from the highest and most polished, down to the most vulgar and gross in the nation were there.” The crowd got so rowdy people broke glasses and grabbed for food and drink. The pushing and shoving of the crowd forced the new president to flee from the White House.

I spoil my friends by giving them jobs Spoils System When Andrew Jackson became president he fired many of the government officials and replaced them with his friends and supporters. This practice of giving government jobs to his political backers became known as the “spoils system.” In many ways Andrew Jackson was spoiling his friends by giving them jobs in government. I spoil my friends by giving them jobs

Indian Removal Act Summary

Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 In this U.S. Supreme Court case, the Supreme Court ruled in favor or the Cherokee tribe. It held that: “The Cherokee nation…is a distinct community, occupying its own territory…which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter but with the assent [agreement] of the Cherokees themselves. … In spite of Supreme Court ruling, President Jackson enforced the Indian Removal Act, forced the Indians to leave their land to areas in Oklahoma there were West of the Mississippi River. This resulted in the “Trail of Tears”.

Native Americans in the Southeast Since the 1600s, white settlers pushed Native Americans westward as they took more and more land. However, by 1820 there were still about 100,000 Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River.

Native Americans Assimilation (Adapting) into American Culture Some whites hoped that these Native Americans could adapt to the white people’s way of life. Others believed the Native Americans were “uncivilized” and refused to live near them.

Cherokee Nation (Native American) More than any other Southeastern indian tribe, the Cherokee Indians had adopted the white Anglo culture. The Cherokee had their own Constitution, they spoke English, they sent their kids to missionary school, and some even owned slaves!!!

Five Civilized Tribes The Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and the Seminole tribes were known as the “Five Civilized Tribes because they learned and adopted the cultural practices of the Anglo (White) Americans.

President Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy Gold was discovered on Cherokee land in 1828. The discovery of gold made the Cherokee land very desirable and whites wanted it!!! In 1830, Congress passed that was support by Jackson the Indian Removal Act that required Native Americans to give up their land and relocate west. Andrew Jackson gave them one year to leave.

The Trail of Tears In 1838, federal troops rounded up over 16,000 Cherokee men, women and children and forced them into camps. Soldiers then gave the people a hour to pack up everything from their homes and get ready to leave. Most people ended up with nothing more than the clothes on their backs.

The Trail of Tears (Continued) Over the fall and winter of 1838-1839, Cherokees set out on the long journey west. Forced to march in the cold, rain and snow without proper clothing or food many grew weak and died. It is estimated that ¼ of the 16,000 Cherokee people who were forced to march west died (that’s 1 out of every 4). This harsh journey of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory in Oklahoma has become known as the Trail of Tears.

Modern state of Oklahoma

Rising Sectional Differences When Andrew Jackson took office the nation was divided into 3 main sections. The Northeast, South and West. Legislators from these regions were arguing over 3 major economic issues: the sale of land, national improvement such as canals and railroads, and tariffs (taxes).

North vs. South People in the north supported the idea of high tariffs (taxes on imported goods) because the tariffs meant that people would want to buy the cheaper American made goods rather than imported products with the higher taxes. The South however didn’t like the high tariffs. The South made their money by growing cotton and other crops and selling them to foreign countries for credit rather than money. The tariffs would make the foreign goods cost more.

The tariff helps us in the North The tariff helps us in the North!!! Because of the tariff, the stuff we make here in the factory is always cheaper than the stuff made overseas. Therefore, people want to by the stuff we make here in America.

We in the South hate these stinking tariffs We in the South hate these stinking tariffs!! We trade our cotton for stuff with Europe but because of the tariff we always have to pay more on the stuff we get from overseas. I want to be able to trade my cotton for stuff made in Europe without have to pay a tariff!!

Tariff of Abomination In 1828 Congress passed a bill that greatly raised tariffs (taxes) on raw materials and manufactured goods. People in the South were outraged!!! Southerners felt that the economic interests of the Northeast were determining national policy and the South was being ignored by the national government. They hated the tariff and called it the Tariff of Abominations. (An abomination= a hated/horrible thing) This is an abomination!!!

This is an ABOMINATION!!! What! We have to pay more on the products we trade with Europe! Ahhh!!!! These tariffs only help the Northern factories!!!!!

Nullification Crisis John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson’s vice-president understood the frustration of the Southern farmers over the tariffs. Calhoun developed a plan called the Doctrine of Nullification. The Doctrine of Nullification said that a state had the right to nullify (reject) a federal law that it considered unconstitutional.

South Carolina Threatens to Secede (Withdraw from United States) President Jackson was against the Doctrine of Nullification but didn’t want the South to remain upset. He asked Congress to lower the taxes and Congress agreed however South Carolina was still not happy. Congress please lower the tariffs!!

President’s Jackson Response to South Carolina’s Threats to Secede After South Carolina threatened that if the tariffs weren’t lowered even more they would secede (break away) from the United States and start their own country, Jackson was furious and said he would hang the first person he got his hands on!!!!!!!!!

Andrew Jackson and the Bank In 1832 when Andrew Jackson was elected for this 2nd term as president he vowed to destroy the Second Bank of the United States run by Nicholas Biddle. Jackson believed that the Second Bank was evil and only helped the rich, not the average man. Jackson vetoed (rejected) bill after bill that would renew the bank’s charter. (The charter would that allowed the bank to stay open.) I will destroy you Bank!!

King Andrew Opponents (people who were against) Andrew Jackson called him a “King Andrew”. They said he wanted too much power as a president and was more like a tyrant.

Martin Van Buren Becomes President When Andrew Jackson’s second term as president was over Martin Van Buren took over as the 8th president of the United States. During Martin Van Buren’s presidency the US was going through a deep depression.

The Rise of Whig Party During the election of 1840, a new political party called the Whigs was created. They were given their name after a British party that opposed power of the king. The leader of the Whigs thought that the name would fit since he disliked Andrew Jackson and often called him “ King Andrew”.

Manifest Destiny The belief held that it was the divine (God supported) destiny of the United States to expand (widen) its territory to the whole of North America (from sea to shining sea - Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean) and to extend and enhance its political, social, and economic influences.

Manifest Destiny Illustration

Election of 1844 - James Polk elected 11th President - When James K. Polk accepted the Democratic Party's nomination for the presidency, he was not very well known. The Whig opposition party played on his obscurity, sniping, "Who is James K. Polk?" An experienced speaker, Polk surprised everyone when he campaigned vigorously and won the presidency on November 5, 1844. Winning by a narrow margin, Polk campaigned on his strong support for westward expansion, a hotly debated issue that was dodged by other candidates.

President James Polk After taking office, Polk acted swiftly to fulfill his campaign promises, as he intended to serve only one term. In four years, he oversaw the addition of Texas, the reestablishment of an independent treasury system, and the acquisition of territory from Mexico. This new land from Mexico eventually became California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

Expansion of the United States of American: 1607 - 1853