The 1920s and the American Dream The Great Gatsby The 1920s and the American Dream The 1920s were an era of “mindless materialism and consumption and pursuit of private wealth.”

The book was written in the 20s and is a book about the 20s: the novel comments on the gaiety and the moral decadence of the period, innumerable references the contemporary scene: Wild, extravagant parties and the shallowness and the aimlessness of the individual. Fitzgerald stresses the need for hope and dreams to give meaning and purpose to man’s efforts. But hopes and dreams have to fail because ideals standing behind both are mainly too fantastic to be realized.

The 20s: an age of transition World War I and After "The world must be made safe for democracy" Woodrow Wilson the President had declared, "Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundation of political liberty." --- a spirit of idealism Americans entered the war in 1917. a general disillusionment among the people which caused nervousness: racism, intolerance, violence, Ku Klux Klan, immigrants, political intolerance "ghost of bolshevism" behind every form of social protest/ strikes. 1922 foreign policy of Isolationism 1929 Stock Market Crash 1932 New Deal era 1918 the war had been won but nothing worth winning had been gained, because idealism had been used-up, that caused uneasy feelings and a general disillusionment among the people which caused nervousness: racism, intolerance, violence, Ku Klux Klan, immigrants, political intolerance "ghost of bolshevism" behind every form of social protest/ strikes.

Roaring Twenties Economy booming America partied Organized crime Prohibition Act Decline of moral standards Decline or destiny? Period between wars.

OPTIMISM business, change and innovation, laissez faire- economy rapid growth of industry and mechanization: unlimited progress effecting an even wider distribution of the blessing of civilizations : electricity; automobile even skeptics believe in progress and in solving of problems: new" Golden Age" for America View of contemporaries

CRITICS they called the decade "decline and degradation" Americans are caught up in a "surge of materialism", people who had failed to grasp the meaning and significance of life. they feel disillusioned or disenchanted, they lost faith in life and in the possibility of social progress that caused their absolute lack of interest in politics. Mainly from literary intellectuals

SOCIAL ATMOSPHERE OF CHANGE relaxing of structures within the sphere of private and public morality relationship between the sexes change of the status of women

SPIRIT OF THE 20s urbanization and the move away from the land fascination with the dream of success development of the cinema as a medium of entertainment popularity of jazz increased mobility brought about by the mass produced automobile

PROHIBITION the 18th Amendment(1919)prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol. although alcohol was illegal it was distributed through" bootleggers" bootlegging means the production and sale of liquor. alcohol was served in illegal night-clubs which were called "speakeasies" it was the time of famous gangsters like Al Capone and events like the St. Valentine's Day massacre happened. During that time the Mafia became important in American society. In "The Great Gatsby" Jay Gatsby is suspected to be a bootlegger and a murderer. And Meyer Wolfshiem is said to have "fixed the World's Series" in 1919. Even Jordan Baker is someone who cheated at playing golf. Illegal gambling and bootlegging led to wide-spread corruption in the United States at that time. Prohibition is not taken seriously in "The Great Gatsby": in almost every chapter alcoholic drinks are offered.

THE CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN The 19th Amendment(1920) gave women the right to vote. during the Twenties 9 million women were employed and earned money on their own, many younger women used their money to enjoy themselves women bobbed their hair they were able to drink and smoke in public. For the first time female alcoholism is a major problem. the liberated young women were called" flappers" In The Great Gatsby Jordan Baker is such a new type of woman. She is living alone and has equal relationships to men. She is self-confident in dealing with others. Tom comments on her new freedom as a woman. The role of women changed – their behavior, looks, and aims connected to the 20th century speed. World War I brought about the first step towards a new role of women in American society. During the war women were employed in all jobs of the work force because of the manpower shortage. Then during the twenties they had found entrance to business and politics though in the very minority. In the work sector about ten million women earned money themselves now . Suffrage In 1920 women's suffrage was finally fixed throughout the United States: The right ... to vote shall not be denied or abridged ... on account of sex. The Nineteenths Amendment didn't effect American politics. Behavior But the relations between the sexes changed radically during the decade. Prohibition of alcohol reshaped into secret fun: men and women began drinking together at private cocktail parties which replaced the illegal saloon. Women started smoking. For those who could afford it the automobile became a further means of liberation. And they enjoyed sports like golf. On Saturday afternoon quite a few also attended the Big Game, watched football. The new dancing style expressed a new joy of life. The new woman revolted against being treated as a love object or male property. Feminist leaders fought against the general idea of women as a mother and housewife. The conduct shows the disintegration of the values and customs of the older generations. Looks And just as well the looks of the young women experienced drastic change. Girls had their hair cut short like boys (in a bob) and went hatless. They wore short shirts or dresses and their coats reached only to their knees. These young women were known as flappers. SexSexual relations were now more like open discussions. Some feminists denounced sexuality as a male problem. Some men described women as becoming frigid and masculine.

Books That Define the Time “The Waste Land” by T.S. Eliot: The ultimate indictment of the modern world's loss of personal, moral, and spiritual values. The New Negro by Alain Locke: A hopeful look at the negro in America Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill: A look at 30 years in the life of a modern woman The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway: The lost generation of expatriates Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis: A satirical look at small town life The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner: Details the moral decay of the Old South Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston: Black life in a Black community

Silhouette by Langston Hughes HARLEM MOVEMENT How Dixie protects Its white womanhood Southern gentle lady, Be good! Be good! Silhouette by Langston Hughes Southern gentle lady, Do not swoon. They've just hung a black man In the dark of the moon. They've hung a black man To the roadside tree In the dark of the moon For the world to see

FACTS ABOUT THE DECADE 106,521,537 people in the United States 2,132,000 unemployed, Unemployment 5.2% Life expectancy: Male 53.6, Female 54.6 343.000 in military (down from 1,172,601 in 1919) Average annual earnings $1236; Teacher's salary $970 Dow Jones High 100 Low 67 Illiteracy rate reached a new low of 6% of the population. Gangland crime included murder, swindles, racketeering It took 13 days to reach California from New York There were 387,000 miles of paved road.

Flapper Culture and Style http://www.chicagohs.org/exhibitions/flappers/

Who is F. Scott Fitzgerald? Born in 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He attended Princeton University. 1917 joined the army. Met his wife Zelda. Published The Great Gatsby at 23 in 1925. Regarded as the speaker of the Jazz Age. Drinking and wife’s schizophrenia Died in 1940.

WHAT IS THE AMERICAN DREAM? It describes an attitude of hope and faith that looks forward to the fulfillment of human wishes and desires. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These wishes were expressed in Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. The concept of the American Dream is presented from two different POV

SPIRITUAL AND MATERIAL IMPROVEMENT Materialism achieved too quickly. Thus, lacking spiritual life/purpose. Gatsby is a character that represents this DREAM. The American Dream relates to a desire for spiritual and material improvement. But what happened was the material aspect clearly outraced the spiritual ideals… it was achieved too quickly. So there emerged a state of material well-being but lacking in spiritual life or purpose.

FAILURE OF THE AMERICAN DREAM Poverty Discrimination Exploitation Hypocrisy Corruption suppression The American Dream has totally failed to bring any kind of fulfillment, whether spiritual or material. For all the progress and prosperity, for all the declaration of democratic principles, there are still poverty, discrimination, exploitation As far as morality and values, there are also hypocrisy, cu=corruption and suppression. The Great Gatsby also comments on this. Condition.

How is this developed? Through the 5 central characters Through certain dominant images and symbols Through diction.

Pre-reading:        1.Why are we still reading a book written in the 1920’s? What gives a book its longevity? 2.How was the 1920’s a reaction to WWI? 3.Some people think that having money leads to happiness. Do you agree? Why or why not? What are the advantages or disadvantages of being wealthy. 4.What is the "American Dream"? Where did it originate, and how has it changed over the centuries? 5.Have you ever wanted to relive a moment from your past, to redo it? Describe the situation. How and why would you change the past?

Romanticism/Realism/ Modernism Review Eras Romanticism/Realism/ Modernism Puritan/Age of Reason Man is divine God in nature Flaws are part of the whole ------------------------- Irony God is detached Fate unpredictable Nature is violent at times Modernism – disillusioned – no spiritual connection Lost generation View of God: All Sovereign Man is depraved Predestination Pray for perfection Theocracy Man is good God in man

The Roaring 20’s: A Brief but Comprehensive Introduction

The 1920’s Known by names such as the Jazz Age, the Age of Intolerance, and the Age of Wonderful Nonsense The age that embodies the beginning of Modern America. Post WWI and after pulling through a worldwide Flu epidemic many American’s felt hemmed up and the new decade would be a time of change for everyone---not always in a good way.

1920’s: Political Warren G. Harding, Elected president in 1920 Overall, Harding's policies reflected a conservative, laissez-faire attitude. Harding dies of a stroke in 1921. Harding’s administration was riddled with numerous scandals; the most notorious of which was the Teapot Dome Scandal,

1920’s: Political Calvin Coolidge was Harding's vice president (1921-23) and took over the Presidency after Harding’s death. He was re-elected in 1924 Coolidge was able to clean up most of the effects of the scandals of Harding’s administration.

1920’s: Political Herbert Hoover was elected to the presidency in 1928. Popular with the people. He was raised up by the country's prosperity until the beginning of the Great Depression began to carve its trough into the nation's economy early on his presidency.

1920’s: Social Red Scares refer to the fear of Communism in the U.S. just before and during the 1920s Historians often point out that Americans had withdrawn into a provincialism as evidenced by the reappearance of the Ku Klux Klan, restrictive immigration laws, and Prohibition the 18th amendment banning the manufacturing, sale and transport of intoxicating liquor.

1920’s: Social However, many people disliked the law and imbibed in unlawful nightclubs called speakeasies. Gangsters took control of bootlegging (illegal distribution of liquor) and violent lawlessness erupted. Lacking public support, the federal government was virtually unable to enforce Prohibition.

1920’s: Social Youthful "Flapper" women provoked older people with brief skirts, bobbed hair, and cavalier use of makeup and cigarettes. Social crazes such as dances like the Charleston, dance marathons, flagpole sitting and flying stunts erupted. Babe Ruth and other sports figures became heroes.

1920’s Arts & Writing The lush, ornate style of Art Deco architecture, art, clothing, hairstyles, decor and furnishings flourished The Harlem Renaissance a rich period of American writing Sinclair Lewis, Willa Cather, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Sandburg and Ernest Hemingway were prominent writers of the time period Will Durant's The Story of Philosophy would sell millions of copies.

1920’s Arts & Writing A uniquely American music form, with roots in African expression, came to be known as jazz greats such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Fletcher Henderson George Gershwin, Cole Porter and others would bring jazz influences to Broadway and the concert hall. Bessie Smith hallowed the Blues on a sound recordings. first movie made with sound, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson

1920’s Arts & Writing Walt Disney would produce his first cartoon, Alice's Wonderland. Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino were tremendous movie box office hits

1920’s:Economy, Technology, & Science the United States was converting from a wartime to peacetime economy Post-war there was a temporary stall in the economy In this decade, America became the richest nation on Earth and a culture of consumerism was born People spent money for better roads, tourism, and holiday resorts. Real estate booms, most notably in Florida, sent land prices soaring

1920’s:Economy, Technology, & Science Technology played a vital part in delivering the economic and cultural good times Henry Ford blazed the way with his Model T; he sold more 15 million of them by 1927 assembly line means of production was the key radio found its way into virtually every home in America

1920’s:Economy, Technology, & Science in 1926, the advent of Technicolor made movies more entertaining and memorable; consequently, the movie industry became a major part of American industry in general Charles A. Lindbergh's pioneering flight across the Atlantic Ocean in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927 Canned foods, ready-made clothing and household appliances emerge liberating women from household drudgery

1920’s:Economy, Technology, & Science The use of machinery increased productivity, while decreasing the demand for manual laborers the nation's demand for food remained relatively steady. As a result, food prices — and profits — dropped. Machinery was costly. The small farmer was no longer able to cope because he lacked the capital to buy the equipment industrial boom lured numerous workers off the farm to the cities farmers were compelled to merge in order to compete; the lasting effect would be larger, but fewer farms.

1920’s:Economy, Technology, & Science Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 Diphtheria became better controlled with an immunization in 1923 With the Flapper's focus on dieting and her looks came a significant change in the dietary habits of Americans as a whole — less fat and meat, and more fruits and vegetables discovery of vitamins and their effects However, contradictory habits like cigarette consumption, rose roughly by 43 billion annually, and bootleg liquor became a $3.5 billion-a-year business

1920’s:Economy, Technology, & Science Stock speculation went sky high in the bull market of 1928-1929. No one suspected that a signal of the end would occur on October 24, 1929, with the infamous stock market crash, and that more than a decade of depression and despair would follow such an era of happiness and prosperity. The typical American was still hardworking and sensible

F. Scott Fitzgerald Born September 24th, 1896 in St.Paul Minnesota 1911-1912 attended Newman, a Catholic prep school in NJ Went on to Princeton University Class of 1917 Was on academic probation so he left school and joined the Army in his intended year of graduation

F. Scott Fitzgerald While stationed in Alabama in 1918 he met and fell in love with his future wife Zelda Sayre 1919 is discharged from the Army Married Zelda 1920 after he earned recognition for his work, This Side of Paradise The two embark on an extravagant lifestyle that would lead to the trials and tribulations of both their lives and their relationship

F. Scott Fitzgerald Fitzgerald becomes affluent with his play The Vegetable in 1922 By this time he is an alcoholic, it is documented that he always wrote sober…alcohol had become a major part of how he lived his life His wife would often get “tight”(drunk) but was not known as an alcoholic

F. Scott Fitzgerald The two moved frequently and lived in several places including: France, Alabama, Baltimore and Asheville, North Caroline. Many of these places are where Zelda would receive treatments for her mental disorders By 1931 Fitzgerald’s writing was an off and on practice because he was trying to take care of his ailing wife By 1936 the marriage was virtually over and Zelda moved permanently to Highland Hospital

F. Scott Fitzgerald In 1937 Fitzgerald tries his hand in Hollywood where he signed with MGM Studios and works until late 1938 Fitzgerald believed himself to be a failure He became more notably recognized post-humously His 1924 work, The Great Gatsby has secured him a place in American History being called the example that “defines the classic American novel”

The Great Gatsby 1924 F. Scott Fitzgerald Modernist Novel; a novel of manners

The Great Gatsby Setting: The Summer of 1922 on Long Island and in New York City THEMES: The idea of the American Dream The spirit revolving around the 1920’s Social classes The idea of symbols Past, present and future

Works Cited University of South Carolina. A Brief Life of Fitzgerald. http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.html 2011 January 24 United States History. Roaring Twenties. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1564.html 2011 January 24 Google Images. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:// 2011 February 4