Chapter 25

America Moves to the City Urbanization Skyscrapers (+passenger elevators) Electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones

Living Conditions in the Cities Cities grew too fast, lacked sewage and effective infrastructure Crime rates high Diseases spread quickly Tenements

Suburbanization

Immigration “old” and “new”

Old vs. New 1800-1880 Northwestern Europe (Ireland and Germany) China Settled in rural and urban areas, worked a variety of jobs 1880-1910 Southeastern Europe Settled in cities, worked in factories

Why so much immigration? “push” vs. “pull” factors

Push factors 1800-1900, Europe’s population doubled No jobs, no opportunity, no room Better farming methods Persecution (Jews in Russia)

Pull factors Economic opportunities Religious freedom No military conscription

Reactions to New Immigration Screening, 10% of immigrants not let into America Once in, gov’t didn’t really do anything Nativism Political machines- “Boss” Tweed, NYC

Government Actions 1882: no paupers, criminal, or convicts 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act 1880s: no insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and sick 1917: literacy test

Statue of Liberty

“Social Gospel” People wanted to help out suffering immigrants/poor

Settlement Houses Located in cities Helped immigrants and poor: Childcare services English lessons Education Food & shelter

Jane Adams Born wealthy, educated, dedicated her life to charity work Hull House (settlement house in Chicago) Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Darwin On the Origin of Species Natural selection Caused clashes within the religious community- “creation” Believed until the 1920s

Church splits into 2 groups: Fundamentalists- Bible is word for word literal “Accomodationists”- “modernists” Believed natural selection reflects a greater view of God’s creation

Lust for Learning Public education: Grade school made mandatory by gov’t 6,000 new high schools between 1860 and 1900 “Kindergartens” “Normal Schools” Catholic schools

Education Better in cities than in rural areas Illiteracy rate drops from 20% to 10.7% South lags behind 44% of non-whites illiterate in 1900

Higher Education More colleges & universities 1 out of 3 grads are women by 1880 African American universities (Howard) Morrill Act, 1862 Donations from titans of industry: Cornell, U of Chicago, Stanford, Vanderbilt First graduate school: Johns Hopkins

Changes in education More practical courses instead of emphasis on “classics” Separation of religion and science classes Vocational training

Booker T. Washington and African Americans

Booker T. Washington Ex-slave Founded Tuskegee Institute Trade school for blacks Goal: gain economic security and therefore, social respect and equality

Controversy: Called an “accomodationists” Did not challenge white supremacy Avoided issue of social equality/accepted segregation Developed educational and economic resources of the black community

George Washington Carver Ex-slave Teacher at Tuskegee Institute Discovered hundreds of new uses for peanut, soybean, sweet potato

W.E.B. DuBois First Af. Am. To receive a Ph.D. Harvard: historian, poet, sociologist Criticized BTW for “condemning” blacks to inferiority Demanded complete and immediate social equality

Journalism and the Press

Journalism Sensationalism Yellow journalism: Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst Push for reform: Looking Backward

The “New Morality”

Battle over sexual attitudes in America Victoria Woodhull Anthony Comstock “free love” Ran a magazine Ran for president in 1872 (first woman to try!) “Comstock Law” “defender of purity”

“New morality” Soaring divorce rates More birth control “sex o’clock in America”

Women

Families and Women in the City Urban families: More divorce Less babies Birth control Delayed marriage age

NAWSA: National American Women Suffrage Association 1890 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Carrie Chapman Catt

1869 Wyoming gives women the right to vote

Ida B. Wells journalist Anti-lynching campaign

Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress

Push for prohibition Liquor consumption increased after the Civil War National Prohibition Party, 1874 Anti-Saloon League, 1893

Women join the fight “I’ll Marry No Man if He Drinks” “Lips that touch liquor shall never touch mine” Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Carry Nation “Kansas Cyclone”

The Business of Amusement

Amusement Vaudeville Acts/minstrel shows Barnum and Baily Circus Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley