Biochemistry By: Mr. Kauffman

Outline Organic Compounds Cell Parts Review Biochemical Reactions Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Cellular Transport Diffusion Osmosis

Organic Compounds All cells are made up of the same basic elements Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Those elements combine together to form different molecules Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water

Percentage in living things Organic Compounds Element Name Percentage in living things Oxygen 65.0 % Carbon 18.5 % Hydrogen 9.6 % Nitrogen 3.3 % Phosphorus 1.0 % Sulfur

Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions Carbohydrates (Carbs) Function – provides the cell with energy (sugars) Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Example – Sugars and starches

Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions 2. Lipids (Fats) Function – storage of large amounts of energy for long term use (insulation) Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus Example – Fats and Oils

Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions 3. Proteins Function – makes up organs and muscles, growth, and repair Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur Example – Red meats, Chicken, Fish, Eggs

Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions 4. Nucleic Acids Function – instructions for maintenance, growth, and reproduction of cell Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Example – DNA

Cell Parts Review Nucleus – control center Cell membrane – protective outer layer (plant cells and animal cells) Cell wall – protective outer layer (plant cells only) Mitochondria – produces energy from food Chloroplast – produces energy for plants from sunlight

Biochemical Reactions Biochemical Reactions: reactions that occur inside the cells of living things in order to produce energy necessary for life All cells require energy to carry out the functions necessary for life The energy that all cells use is in the form of sugars

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: how plant cells are able to convert sunlight into sugar (energy source) Happens only in plant cells Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells Contain chlorophyll (green pigment – coloring)

Photosynthesis Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide = Sugar and Oxygen Plants use some of the energy and store the rest as sugar That sugar is eaten by animals Oxygen produced is released into the air

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration: process by which cells convert sugars into chemical energy Happens in both plant and animal cells Occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells

Cellular Respiration Sugar + Oxygen = Chemical Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide Chemical energy produced is used to complete other cell functions Growth, repair, cell division, transportation of materials, etc… Chemical energy not used for cellular functions is released as heat Carbon dioxide produced is released by the cell and exhaled into the air

Fermentation Fermentation: energy production that occurs in cells without oxygen An inefficient way to produce energy Produces only a small amount of energy Produces lactic acid (the burning you feel in muscles when running/exercising)

Cellular Transport Cellular Transport: the movement of materials (water or nutrients) across the cell membrane either into or out of the cell The cell membrane is selectively permeable This means that certain materials are allowed to pass through the cell membrane while other materials are not

Diffusion Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion The movement of molecules continues until the concentration of molecules is equal on each side of the cell membrane This is known as equilibrium Oxygen enters the cell via diffusion Carbon dioxide leaves the cell via diffusion

Osmosis Osmosis: the diffusion of water across the cell membrane Continues until equilibrium is reached Concentration of water inside of the cell membrane is equal to the concentration of water outside of the cell membrane