ATOC 4720 class 41 Tropical thermally direct circulation: Hurricanes;

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Presentation transcript:

ATOC 4720 class 41 Tropical thermally direct circulation: Hurricanes; Tropical thermally indirect circulation: the deserts; 3. Middle-latitude thermally direct circulation: baroclinic waves.

Previous classes:Thermally-direct circulation: f=0 CONCEPT: Top of atmosphere Pole EQ Surface Available Potential E --> Kinetic E

Potential E converted to Kinetic E POLE EQ

Thermally-direct: Symmetric Hadley Cells (f=0) High P Pressure High P High P Low P

OBSERVATIONS: WINTER EQ

Thermally-direct: monsoon SUMMER

1. Thermally-direct circulation in the tropics: Hurrianes

Thermally-direct Warm core [1] Thermally-direct: warmer air rises, colder air sinks; [2] Potential energy convert to Kinetic energy: generation and maintainance of warm core: low-level moist air inflow+sensible heat (air/sea interaction), and CISK.

Thermally-indirect circulation in the tropics: the deserts Desert feature: extremely hot and dry air--a result of large-scale subsidence; Sinking air is warmer than surroundings: thermally indirect.

The deserts NOT driven by heating contrast; It is driven by a continual input of kinetic energy from other regions of the tropics; Why sinking in these regions? Not intuative. Numerical models: well simulated; Suggested: semiarid regions large changes in the earth’s surface characteristics may be Important. Erosion due to extensive grazing: albedo: reduce turbulent heat fluxes--reduce upward motion; Favor subsidence.

3. Middle latitude baroclinic disturbances: thermally direct Lab experiment: Cold HOT

Assume500mb