Periodic Table 25-27 odd

Metals usually shiny very dense melt at high temperatures Malleable (made into thin sheets) Ductile (pulled into wires) corrode, gradually wearing away, like rusting iron. Heat and electricity travel easily through metals (flagpole during a thunderstorm!)

Non-metals surface is dull don’t conduct heat and electricity. low density melt at low temperatures. shape of nonmetals cannot be changed easily because they are brittle and will break.

Metalloids Properties of metals and non-metals B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At

Alkali Metals (IA) Very Reactive (do not occur freely in nature) Combine with non-metals Explode if water contact Soft (cut with butter knife) Valence electrons? Uses: Na (Table Salt) Li (Batteries Medication) K (mineral) Cs (cesium…remove traces of air from vacuum tubes) Fr (francium… discovered in France… produced by artificially bombarding thorium with protons Occurs naturally in uranium minerals Less than an ounce of francium at any time in crust of the earth

Alkaline Earth Metals (IIA) Usually found in Earth’ crust Very Reactive (do not occur freely in nature) Combine with non-metals Valence electrons? Ca and Mg (important nutrients)

Transition Metals Very Hard High Melting and boiling Points Malleable and Ductile valence shell electrons (3d10 4s2), (4d10 5s2) S and D close in energy Can pull from S and D shells Ex: Ag, W

Lanthanides Several of the lanthanides form during the fission of uranium and plutonium. used as catalysts in the production of petroleum and synthetic products. (Ex: cerium, promethium, Terbium, Thulium)

Actinides All are radioactive (spontaneously emit radiation) The metals tarnish readily in air. Very dense metals They react with boiling water or dilute acid to release hydrogen gas. Element Year Method Neptunium 1940 Bombarding 238U by neutrons Plutonium 1941 Bombarding 238U by deuterons Americium 1944 Bombarding 239Pu by neutrons Curium Bombarding 239Pu by α-particles Berkelium 1949 Bombarding 241Am by α-particles Californium 1950 Bombarding 242Cm by α-particles Einsteinium 1952 As a product of nuclear explosion Fermium Mendelevium 1955 Bombarding 253Es by α-particles Nobelium 1965 Bombarding 243Am by 15N or 238U with α-particles Lawrencium 1961–1971 Bombarding 252Cf by 10B or 11B and of 243Am with 18O

Halogens High reactive with alkali metals Combine with metals to make more stable How many valence electrons? F- fluorine; added to toothpaste Cl- Chlorine; water purification Br- insecticides; fire extinguishers As- astatine; (radioactive tracer in cancer) Chlorine Bromine

Noble Gasses How many valence electrons? Fairly nonreactive Complete valence shell Low boiling points (all gases at room temperature)

Diatomic Molecules H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 A molecule that naturally occurs and consists of two atoms of the same element In this form it is very stable H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (magnificent 7)