Ch. 7 Jefferson Era, 1800-1816 APUSH – Wright

Democratic Republicans Revolution of 1800 Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams First Democratic Republican president A bloodless transfer of power Democratic Republicans Federalists Pro-French Pro-decentralization Pro-British Pro-centralization

Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809) Plantation and slave owner from Virginia Statesman Assemblyman Declaration of Independence Governor Minister to France Secretary of State Vice-President President Democratic-Republican Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists Kentucky Resolution Inaugural Address “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809) Midnight Judges; Marbury v. Madison (1803) Louisiana Purchase (1803) Barbary Pirates Embargo Act of 1807

What is Jeffersonianism? Federalism and States’ Rights Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification Strict constitutionalist Dominant legislature, weak judiciary Economic coercion over standing armies Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry Responsibility of subsistence Dependence led to class conflict Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy America’s responsibility to spread democracy Avoid entangling alliances Society Republican motherhood; absent from politics Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages) Black inferiority and white superiority Separation of Church and State

First Political Party System (1789-1824) Federalists National policies Strong central government Loose constructionists Commerce and manufacturing Urban The rich, the well-born, the able; merchants, bankers Pro-British Democratic-Republicans States rights Strong local/state governments Strict constructionists Agricultural Rural Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans Anti-British

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary Midnight Judges Judiciary Act of 1801 Adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments Marbury v. Madison (1803) Judicial review “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.” – Chief Justice John Marshall Impeachments John Pickering Associate Justice Samuel Chase

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803) Napoleon’s Plans Jefferson’s Plan Brokered a deal for $15 million Doubles the size of the United States Federalist opposition Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates Washington and Adams Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy Jefferson Barbary states increase bribes U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched Treaty reached in American favor

Jefferson and the Embargo Act Napoleonic Wars Britain vs France British and French impressment of Americans HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports Economic impact on Americans

Election of 1808 James Madison (D-R) Charles Pinckney (F) Federalists gained congressional seats

James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817) Napoleonic Wars Impressment continues Non-intercourse Act of 1809 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Western Frontier Alleged British influence on Natives Native wars War of 1812

Causes of the War of 1812 United States vs. Great Britain British impressment Alleged British influence in the western frontier War Hawks in Congress John C. Calhoun Henry Clay Opposition to War Federalists Old guard Dem-Reps New England and merchants

War of 1812 – Important Battles Battle of the Thames October 5, 1813 Decisive victory for the US Resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the destruction of the Native American coalition he led

War of 1812 – Important Battles Fort McHenry September 13-14, 1814 Successfully defended the Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British Navy During the bombardment of the fort, Francis Scott Key write “The Star-Spangled Banner”

War of 1812 – Important Battles Battle of New Orleans January 8, 1815 Final major battle in the War of 1812 American forces, led by Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British army intent on seizing New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory

War of 1812 Battles with Frontier Natives Tecumseh’s War Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) Battle of the Thames (1813) Creek War Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

Hartford Convention (1814) Platform Federal economic assistance for New England 2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, state admission, and declaration of war Rescind the Three-Fifths Compromise One-term president and no same-state successor Talk of secession by radicals After War of 1812 Perceived as traitors Effectively weakened as a national party

War of 1812’s Impact Growth of nationalism Ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings” Domestic industrial and manufacturing development Emphasis on national infrastructure Promotion of professional military International respect Natives significantly weakened Increased drive to expand west

War of 1812 – Treaty of Ghent Signed on December 24, 1814 Ended the war and restored relations to status quo ante bellum – restored borders to where they were before the war started

Fall of the Federalists After the War of 1812, Democratic Republicans split into two groups: National Republicans, led by Henry Clay, pursued Federalist-like policies Had most of its support in the East Democratic Republicans, led by James Madison, followed traditional Jeffersonian policies Had most of its support in the West and South