Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment  Dr Vittal Mogasale, PhD, Brian Maskery, PhD, R Leon Ochiai, DPhil, Jung Seok Lee, MS, Vijayalaxmi V Mogasale, MD, Enusa Ramani, MSc, Young Eun Kim, MS, Jin Kyung Park, PhD, Thomas F Wierzba, PhD  The Lancet Global Health  Volume 2, Issue 10, Pages e570-e580 (October 2014) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70301-8 Copyright © 2014 Mogasale et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-SA Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Flowchart of typhoid disease burden estimation *We defined high risk as “rural population lacking access to improved water and urban population living in slums”. We defined at-risk as “rural population having access to improved water and urban population not living in slums”. The Lancet Global Health 2014 2, e570-e580DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70301-8) Copyright © 2014 Mogasale et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-SA Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Typhoid incidence in low-income and middle-income countries using three methods (unadjusted for blood-culture sensitivity) The Lancet Global Health 2014 2, e570-e580DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70301-8) Copyright © 2014 Mogasale et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-SA Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Typhoid incidence in low-income and middle-income countries (risk-adjusted and corrected for blood culture sensitivity) The Lancet Global Health 2014 2, e570-e580DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70301-8) Copyright © 2014 Mogasale et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-SA Terms and Conditions