Higher Close Reading Analysis Questions

Sentence Structure Qus There are 3 main things you have to consider when answering theses types of qus: 1. Sentence Types 2. Punctuation 3. Sentence Patterns

First of all,we’ll look at: SENTENCE TYPES

Different Sentence Types Statements Questions Exclamations Commands Minor Sentence Single Sentence Paragraph

STATEMENTS They present info like a fact

QUESTIONS Appeal to/ Involve the reader. Make the reader think May be rhetorical (not expect an aswer – means of putting across a point)

EXCLAMATIONS Convey TONE Show feelings: amazement, shock, surprise or another strong emotion.

COMMANDS TELL YOU TO DO SOMETHING. Found in: Instructions Persuasive Writing Adverts

A MINOR SENTENCE A sentence where the verb is intentionally omitted for dramatic effect. Create impact,suspense or urgency Suggest informality Notes / Diaries Minor Sentence No Verb

SINGLE SENTENCE PARAGRAPHS Unusual – para should usually have two or more sentences Can emphasises point/idea. Can slow down action. Can create suspense.

Second, We’ll look at PUNCTUATION SENTENCE STRUCTURE Second, We’ll look at PUNCTUATION

PUNCTUATION Inverted Commas (“”) Semi-colons (;) Colons (:) Single Dash (-) _________________________ Dashes (- -) Brackets () PARENTHESIS Commas (,)

“Inverted Commas” Quotations Direct speech Foreign words. Words used in an unusual way. To imply something is “so called” and not genuine.

Semi colons ; Separates longer phrases within lists. E.g When I went to the shops I bought my favourite strawberry jam; soft, freshly baked rolls; four nicely ripening bananas and a some some Golden Delicious apples.

Semi colons cont. Connects two separate but linked ideas to form a sentence. E.g The rain lashed down and the wind blew fiercely; streams of drivers queued impatiently to cross the Kingston Bridge in their storm buffeted cars.

Colons : Often used to introduce a quotation (as in critical essays) Introduce a list Introduce an idea Introduce information Introduce a statement or an explanation

Colons - Examples My life has changed: I have a job, a house, a family. The young man had only one thought: revenge! Test – Can you use the word “namely” instead of the colon?

A single dash Introduces information To provide an explanantion Indicates a dramatic pause. “These are the jewels – jewels that should have been recovered years ago.” “He chose Bill for only one reason – he could sing.” “They have been found – alive!

Ellipses… Dots used to tail of a sentence (can create tension, cliff hanger or leave the reader to draw their own conclusion.) Can show where speech or writing has been left out.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE Third, we’ll look at SENTENCE PATTERNS

SENTENCE PATTERNS Inversion Repetition Climax Anti- Climax Antithesis Long Sentences Short Sentences

INVERSION The words are turned around (different from the usual expected order) to emphasise a particular word or idea. e.g. Down and down poured the rain OR Happy I am not. Suddenly, the door opened.

REPETITON The words or structure of the sentence are repeated to emphasise a particular point/idea

CLIMAX Usually comes at the end of a list. Builds up to the most important point.

List, repetition and climax. “I came, I saw, I conquered,”

ANTI-CLIMAX The opposite of Climax The author builds up to something that doesn’t actually happen. E.G. The football team trained really hard, put all their effort into the game, had five attempts at goal and still lost the game.

ANTITHESIS Anti = the opposite Two ideas that contrast with each other appear in the same sentence. E.G. 1."We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools." (Martin Luther King, Jr) 2. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness." (Dickens)

LONG SENTENCES Long sentences are often used to describe a complicated or long process or to describe a lot of activity going on at the same time. THE SENTENCE MIMICS THE SENSE.

SHORT SENTENCES Can indicate something has stopped (usually rather suddenly) Can emphasise a particular point. Can create suspense Can present info in a matter-of-fact way.