Knee joint ultrasonography of the ACLT rabbit experimental model of osteoarthritis: relevance and effectiveness in detecting meniscal lesions C. Boulocher,

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Knee joint ultrasonography of the ACLT rabbit experimental model of osteoarthritis: relevance and effectiveness in detecting meniscal lesions C. Boulocher, M.Sc., M.-E. Duclos, M.Sc., F. Arnault, O. Roualdes, M.Sc., D. Fau, D.J. Hartmann, Ph.D., T. Roger, Ph.D., E. Vignon, Ph.D., E. Viguier, Ph.D. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 470-479 (April 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.012 Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Box-plot comparison of the decrease in the knee range of motion between operated and control rabbits. In ordinate: difference in the knee range of motion between initial and final measurements (in degree angle). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 470-479DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.012) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Probe and knee joint relative positioning. (A1) Sagittal longitudinal suprapatellar view. Neutral knee joint positioning. (A2) Sagittal transversal suprapatellar view. Flexed knee joint positioning. (B1) Sagittal longitudinal infrapatellar view. Neutral knee joint positioning. (B2) 20° lateral probe rotation from the sagittal longitudinal infrapatellar view. Flexed knee joint positioning. (C) Antero-lateral longitudinal view. Extended knee joint positioning. (D) Lateral longitudinal view. Extended knee joint positioning. (E) Postero-lateral longitudinal view. Extended knee joint positioning. (F) Antero-medial longitudinal view. Extended knee joint positioning. (G) Medial longitudinal view. Extended knee joint positioning. (H) Postero-medial longitudinal view. Extended knee joint positioning. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 470-479DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.012) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Ultrasonographic images. For all US examination and images labelling, longitudinal images were defined as a scan in the same direction of the fibre of the imaged muscle or tendon. The proximal aspect of the joint is right on the screen and the distal aspect is left. (A) Longitudinal US image of the suprapatellar area. Control rabbit knee joint. Sagittal view of the quadriceps tendon (arrows) and its insertion on the patella. (a) Acoustic shadow of the patella; (b) acoustic shadow of the distal femoral bone; and (c) Quadriceps muscle. (B) Longitudinal US image of the infrapatellar area. Operated rabbit knee joint. Sagittal view at the level of the patellar tendon (dotted black arrows). (a) Acoustic shadow of the proximal tibial bone; (b) acoustic shadow of the distal femoral bone. Transected ACL (long white arrow). Synovial effusion (double black arrow). Interrupted trochlear bone surface (small white arrows). Large infrapatellar fat pad (∗) with a mottled, heterogeneous echogenicity, between the patellar tendon (dotted arrows show upper outline) and the femoro-tibial joint space. (C) Longitudinal US image of the antero-lateral area. Operated rabbit knee joint. (a) Acoustic shadow of the lateral tibial condyle; (b) acoustic shadow of the lateral femoral condyle. Collateral lateral ligament (double white arrow). Anterior horn of the LM (within arrows) which is protruded. Note the hypoechogenic heterogeneous central area in the protruded meniscus (US grade 1). (D) Longitudinal US image of the postero-lateral area. Control rabbit knee joint. (a) Acoustic shadow of the lateral tibial condyle; (b) acoustic shadow of the lateral femoral condyle. Normal posterior horn of the LM (within arrows) (US grade 0). (E) Longitudinal US image of the antero-medial area in a control rabbit knee joint. (a) Acoustic shadow of the medial tibial condyle; (b) Acoustic shadow of the medial femoral condyle. Normal anterior horn of the LM (within arrows) (US grade 0). (F) Longitudinal US image of the postero-medial area in an operated rabbit knee joint. (a) Acoustic shadow of the medial tibial condyle; (b) Acoustic shadow of the medial femoral condyle. Heterogeneous posterior horn of the MM (within black arrows) (US grade1). Note the interrupted (dotted white arrows) hyperechogenic line representing the tibial condyle subchondral bone surface (bone erosion). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 470-479DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.012) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Macroscopic aspect of operated rabbit left knees at 5 months. (A) Multiple longitudinal tears of the LM. (B) LM with multiple longitudinal tears. (C) Protrusion and fibrillation of the entire LM. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 470-479DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.012) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions