What was the value of a “blank slate” for the Europeans in the Americas?

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Presentation transcript:

Aim: What were the economic effects of European colonization in the Americas?

What was the value of a “blank slate” for the Europeans in the Americas? No traditions to deal with - ordinarily it takes generations to force embittered peasants into factories and make them workers Uprooted laborers could be forced into “agricultural factories” and mines Created a new system of exploitation – capitalism without steam power

Sugar Production: Origins INDIA 500 CE

Sugar Production: Too Dry NORTH AFRICA 900 CE

Sugar Production: Too Cool SPAIN 1300 SICILY 1200 CRETE CYPRUS 1200 NORTH AFRICA 90 CE INDIA 500 CE

Which way to India?

Sugar Production - Just Right! But no labor force… CANARY ISLANDS CAPE VERDE

Sugar Production - Just Right! But no labor force… CANARY ISLANDS CAPE VERDE Here It Is!

Sugar: Where else? Hot and Humid

Why did the Europeans need African slaves Why did the Europeans need African slaves? Why not get (free) European colonists? Why not use indentured servants?

Why did the Europeans need African slaves Why did the Europeans need African slaves? Why not get (free) European colonists? Why not use indentured servants? African slaves: Used to tropical climate, used to Eurasian diseases, familiar with sugar as a crop Only dispossessed labor can be forced into this new form of killing labor

Plantation slavery as a social system in the Caribbean Mostly practiced in “killing” climates and conditions Huge numbers of slaves :: white settlers Sugar was produced in a factory-like setting

Sugar as a “Factory” Product: Hoeing for Planting

Sugar as a “Factory” Product: Harvesting

Sugar as a “Factory” Product: Gathering the Cane

Sugar as a “Factory” Product: The Mill

Sugar as a “Factory” Product: Sugar House

“The juice of the cane is conveyed in pipes from the mill to the boiling house. Here it is passed through a succession of coppers gradually increasing in heat. At each copper a Negro is placed to take off the scum as it rises, and when the temperature of that vessel has had its full effect, to remove it with a ladle into the next. “

Sugar as a “Factory” product A sugar plantation is a factory, not a farm Large numbers of workers Division of labor Grueling work; long hours and days; work takes place on the owners’ schedule Europeans did not invent slavery, but Europe made slaves into “factory workers” and plantation field hands: “Unfree Laborers” in a capitalist enterprise

American Silver Production Europe (1535) 3 million ounces Potosi (1540) 1.5 million ounces Potosi (1590) 10 million ounces (+ Mexico)

Silver as a “Factory” Product

America is where Europe “invents” capitalism The accumulation of capital through the “super-exploitation” of Native Americans and Africans Combining capital with a large labor force starts in the Americas Large work-places based on division of labor and a class structure