THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SENTENCES Phrases and Clauses THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SENTENCES

PHRASE a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb

CLAUSE a group of words with both a subject & verb

What’s the difference between a phrase & a clause?

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE a complete thought that can stand alone

DEPENDENT CLAUSE group of words with both a subject and verb; cannot stand alone or it is a fragment

Independent clauses = a foundation and the frame of the house.

dependent clauses = like the windows or doors (they enhance what is already there, but can’t function alone)

Independent & Dependent Sentence Building Independent & Dependent Start constructing with ___________________. Improve sentence structure by adding _____________________.

Clause Identification Cross of prep phrases. Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs. Single underline the subjects. Each separate section with a subject and verb is PROBABLY a different clause! 5. IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT

DEPENDENT CLAUSES ADJECTIVE STARTERS 1) THAT 2) WHO 3) WHOM 4) WHOSE 5) WHICH

EXAMPLES The dog who lives by me is nice. The show that I watch is good. Jerry Spinelli is the author who wrote Maniac McGee.

DEPENDENT CLAUSES ADVERB STARTERS after in order that until although since when as so that whenever because than where before though wherever if unless while

Examples 1. After I danced, 2. Because he was hungry, 3. Until I get an A+, 4. When I get my new pony, 5. Since I love SpongeBob,

SENTENCE TYPES SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX COMPOUND-COMPLEX

one independent clause SIMPLE SENTENCE one independent clause I like SpongeBob.

2 or more independent clauses COMPOUND 2 or more independent clauses I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

2 or more independent clauses COMPOUND 2 or more independent clauses I like SpongeBob; I like Plankton.

How do we punctuate compound sentences? Semicolon 2) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS) SpongeBob makes Krabby patties. (join these) They are quite delicious!

Two ways to punctuate compound sentences! SpongeBob makes Krabby patties; they are delicious. SpongeBob makes Krabby patties, and they are delicious.

dependent + independent Because he makes me laugh, COMPLEX dependent + independent Because he makes me laugh, I like SpongeBob.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters ADVERB STARTERS after in order that until although since when as so that whenever because than where before though wherever if unless while

DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters ADJECTIVE STARTERS 1) THAT 2) WHO 3) WHOM 4) WHOSE 5) WHICH

What’s the difference? Adjective Adjective phrase Adjective clause

Dependent clause punctuation Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence! Because he makes me laugh, I like SpongeBob.

Dependent clause punctuation Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence When I want entertainment, I watch SpongeBob.

Dependent clause punctuation Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence If I get a choice of shows, I watch SpongeBob.

Dependent clause punctuation Do not use a comma when the dependent clause does not begin the sentence! I like SpongeBob because he makes me laugh.

Now, write complex sentences! Start a sentence with the dependent clause. Then, rewrite the sentence to end with the dependent clause. Use the dependent clause starter: when Remember, your clause must have a subject and a verb!

When Gary runs away from home, Here’s my example! When Gary runs away from home, SpongeBob is devastated. SpongeBob is devastated when Gary runs away from home.

Write two more complex sentences! Use the dependent clause starter: if If you are hungry, you should visit the Krusty Krab! You should visit the Krusty Krab if you are hungry.

Could you turn our complex sentence into a compound-complex sentence? If you are hungry, you should visit the Krusty Krab!

COMPOUND COMPLEX 2 INDEPENDENT + 1 DEPENDENT

EXAMPLES I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton. Because they make me laugh, I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

Turn these into complex Patrick is annoying… Plankton wants the Krabby Patty recipe… The Hashslinging Slasher visits

COMMAS AFTER INTRODUCTORY WORDS AFTER INTRODUCTORY PHRASES AFTER INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION

Introductory Words Unfortunately, I love chocolate. Therefore, I eat it often. Also, I like ice cream. But, I am allergic to it. Thus, I should not eat it. Once, I saw a Yettie. Next, I saw Bigfoot. Finally, I caught a leprechaun!

Introductory Phrases To be or not to be, that is the question. Inside the small garden, there is a gnome. (prep phrases of 4 or more)

Introductory Dependent Clauses When I grow up, … Before I become president, … Since I am so short, … Until I study for my test, …

BETWEEN INDEPENDENT St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, but he was originally British. St. Patrick was captured by Irish raiders, and he worked as a slave for 6 years. St. Patrick had a dream to escape, so he walked 200 miles to the shore.