The Human Body: An Orientation 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Ch 1 The Human Body—An Orientation Introduction Anatomy = B. Physiology = C. Anatomy—Levels of Study 1. Gross anatomy = 2. Microscopic anatomy = D. Levels of Organization: Atoms  Molecules  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism * Refer To Diagram on next slides

2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 1. Smallest Level D. Levels of Organization … 1. Smallest Level 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level. Figure 1.1, step 1

4. Organ level 5. Organ System level 6. Organismal level 3. TISSUES 4. Organ level 5. Organ System level 6. Organismal level Figure 1.1, step 4

Figure 1.1 Molecules Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessels Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3 Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. 6 Connective tissue Cardio– vascular system Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 4 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 5 Figure 1.1

E. *Organ Systems Overview– Do on Your Own: *Organs & Functions* 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM 5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Figure 1.2a

Returns leaked water to blood Immunity & Cleanses blood of 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Returns leaked water to blood Immunity & Cleanses blood of 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 10. URINARY SYSTEM 11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Figure 1.2f

E. Necessary Life Functions E. Necessary Life Functions * Know importance/function and Organ Systems that maintain them * 1. Maintain boundaries Entire Organism Cells 2. Movement Locomotion Movement of substances 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion

Necessary Life Functions … 5. Metabolism H2O + CO2 ---> H2CO3 Chemical Reactions: To produce chemicals To produce Energy 6. Excretion Eliminates what: Water: Product produced: 7. Reproduction 8. Growth

F. Survival Needs 1. Nutrients Types: General Function: 2. Oxygen chemical reactions that produce: 3. Water Percent in body = Solutions: Chemical reactions: 4. Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) 5. Atmospheric pressure– AIR for gas exchange:

G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems Heart & Lungs Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Heart Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine

II. Homeostasis A. Definition: Homeostasis—maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium of body’s components Range of Values for life Set Point B. Components 1. Receptor (sensor) Monitors: Receives stimuli from Sends information to: Creates the response STIMULUS RESPONSE RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER EFFECTOR ---

Determines range of values for life Decision : STIMULUS RESPONSE RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER EFFECTOR --- 2. Control Center = Receives: Determines range of values for life Decision : 3. Effector (Organ or Gland) Produces:

STIMULUS RECEPTOR RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE EFFECTOR -- + RECEPTOR RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE EFFECTOR

C. Types 1. Negative Feedback STIMULUS Response and Stimuli are in opposite directions Examples: Body Temperature, Blood Sugar, Breathing Rate, … --- RECEPTOR RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE EFFECTOR

2. Positive Feedback Mechanisms Response and Stimulus: Stimulus keeps getting stronger and stronger Some climax event causes the + feedback to shut down, usually suddenly Two Examples Child Birth Blood Clotting

Repeats multiple times as Stimulus gets stronger and stronger 2. Positive Feedback STIMULUS Repeats multiple times as Stimulus gets stronger and stronger Finally Ends + RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE EFFECTOR

Example: Child Birth STIMULUS + RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE Positive Feedback … STIMULUS Pressure on Cervix Example: Child Birth + RECEPTOR Pressure Sensors CONTROL CENTER Brain & Hormones RESPONSE Uterus Contracts EFFECTOR Muscles of Uterus

III. The Language of Anatomy A. Introduction– terms are used for 1. Position 2. Direction 3. Regions 4. Structures B. Regional Terms The Body is Made up of Major Regions (underlined) and Sub-regions for the Anterior Surface and Posterior Surface. Many of the regions are the same for both Anterior (front) and Posterior (back), but many are different CONTINUED NEXT SLIDE …

B. Regional Terms Front (Anterior) Body Know underlined items *Cephalic Front (Anterior) Body Know underlined items and those with a “*” in front of them * Frontal Orbital *Upper limb * Nasal Acromial Buccal Deltoid *Oral . *Brachial (arm) Mental Antecubital *Cervical *Thoracic *Antebrachial *Sternal (forearm) Axillary *Abdominal Carpal (wrist) * Umbilical *Pelvic *Manus (hand) * Inguinal (groin) *Digital *Lower limb *Coxal (hip) *Femoral (thigh) *Patellar Crural (leg) KEY: Fibular Thorax *Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Back (Dorsum) . *Digital (a) Anterior/Ventral

Regional Terms … “*” items 2. Back (Posteriorl) side *Cephalic . *Occipital (back of head) *Upper limb 2. Back (Posteriorl) side Know underlined and “*” items Acromial *Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal *Back (dorsal) Antebrachial Scapular (forearm) . *Vertebral . *Lumbar *Manus (hand) . *Sacral Digital . *Gluteal *Lower limb *Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular KEY: Thorax *Pedal (foot) Abdomen * Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal

C. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) and Inferior (caudal): 2. Ventral or Anterior and Dorsal or Posterior: 3. Medial and Lateral: Intermediate:

4. Closer To & Farther From Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 5. Superficial and Deep:

Sections through the body showing a particular Surface - used for Surgery Cuts & Imaging 1. Sagittal Section: - Median, Midsagittal: 2. Frontal or Coronal Section: 3. Transverse or Cross Section

(a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane 4. Medical Imaging Examples of sections/planes through the body (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane Vertebral column Right lung Left lung Spinal cord Heart Liver Aorta Spleen Figure 1.6 Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Stomach

E. Body Cavities Locations & Organs inside 1. Dorsal body cavity a. Cranial cavity: b. Spinal cavity: 2. Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity: Pleural Cavity Pericardial Cavity Mediastinum b. Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal Pelvic DORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY Mediastinum

Other Body Cavities F. Surface Subdivisions of Abdominopelvic Region and Cavity (Health Professiions use) 1. Quadrants Right or Left Upper or Lower Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

END Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity