Proteins

Multipurpose molecules Proteins: Multipurpose molecules 2006-2007

Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin insulin collagen, keratin pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach insulin hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin collagen (skin)

Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones movement signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes help chemical reactions

Proteins —N— H | —C— C—OH || O Building block = amino acids – 20 different amino acids There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words —N— H | —C— C—OH || O variable group

Amino acid chains Proteins Each amino acid is different amino acids chained into a polymer amino acid Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it

Water-fearing amino acids Hydrophobic “water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell the protein folds

Water-loving amino acids Hydrophillic “water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell the protein folds

For proteins: SHAPE matters! Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen

It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) unfolded “denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters! folded

Carbohydrates

True or False? Proteins are found in muscles. Proteins are never hormones. One of the functions of protein is for movement. Enzymes are not considered proteins. Enzymes assist (help) chemical reactions.

OH H HO CH2OH O Carbohydrates: Energy molecules 2009-2010

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugar

Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy energy storage structure cell wall in plants Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) glucose C6H12O6 sucrose starch

Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose -ose OH H HO CH2OH O glucose C6H12O6 fructose maltose sucrose

Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar) How sweet it is!

Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide starch (plant) energy storage glycogen (animal)

True or False The monomer of carbohydrates is sugar. Many sugars put together is called a monosaccharide. Carbohydrates never are used for structural purposes. The most common type of sugar is lactose. 2 sugars put together is a disaccharide. Glycogen is an example of energy storage in regards to carbohydrates.

Lipids: Fats & Oils 2003-2004

Concentrated energy molecules Lipids Concentrated energy molecules 2003-2004

Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female) 2003-2004

Lipids Function: energy storage cell membrane cushions organs very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber! 2003-2004

Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” 2003-2004

Saturated fats Most animal fats Limit the amount in your diet solid at room temperature Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries 2003-2004

Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together Better choice in your diet 2003-2004

Saturated vs. unsaturated  2003-2004

Other lipids in biology Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease 2003-2004

Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide Polymer – DNA or RNA Structure: Function: Hereditary Information