The Raw Materials of Biotechnology The Molecules of Cells Biomolecules The Raw Materials of Biotechnology The Molecules of Cells

CARBON --The main event Forms a bond with 4 other atoms in which electrons are shared forming a covalent compound C

CARBON -4 Bonds to other atoms H C H H CH4

1. Carbohydrates

Biomolecule Role in Cell Monomer Distinguishing Features Carbohydrate Energy/Support Monosaccharide (1 sugar) Composed of C,H, and O 1(C) : 2(H) :1(O)

Carbohydrates What do they have in common?

Carbohydrates-Functional Groups -OH Several OH (alcohol) groups This group LOVES water Makes sugars solids and water soluble C=O C with a double bond to an oxygen Aldehyde or ketone

Comparing Two Different Sugars aldehyde aldehyde alcohol Open Chain Cyclic

Polysaccharides Starch...bonds between glucose can be digested Amylose=plant Glycogen =animal Cellulose…bonds between glucose cannot be digested by mammals

To Test for Carbohydrate Benedict's …Chemical test for reducing sugars To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food, the food sample is dissolved in water, and a small amount of Benedict's reagent is added. During heating in a water bath, which is usually 4-10 minutes, the solution should progress in the colors of blue (with no glucose present), green, yellow, orange, red, and then brick red or brown (with high glucose present). Lugol’s …Chemical test for starch An indicator test for the presence of starches Reacts by turning a dark-blue/black. Stain starches due to iodine's interaction with the coil structure of the polysaccharide

2. Proteins

Bio molecule Role in Cell Monomer Distinguishing Features Test Protein Regulation/ support Amino Acid Remember COHNS -Carbon -Oxygen -Hydrogen -Nitrogen -Sulfur Biuret Reagent OR Ninhydrin

Proteins Proteins (also known as polypeptides) are organic compounds made of amino acids. Polypeptide because of the many peptide bonds that hold proteins together Proteins participate in virtually every process within cells. Functional Groups Carboxyl amino/amine thiol

Protein Function………..!! WOW!! Structural…. Bones,skin, nails, hooves, hair Enzymatic… Digest sugar, makes DNA, makes fatty acids Transport… Carries oxygen and fats in blood, Ca2+/Cl- Contractile.. Muscles for movement, move chromosomes Hormone…. regulate blood sugar, increase heart rate Immunity... Antibodies fight foreign substance Pigment….. Pigment in skin, eyes Recognition. On cell surfaces—Other molecules (receptors) Toxins…… Stops nerve transmission, effects movement of ions, enzymes that destroy red blood cells

Protein Structure:Polypeptide Polymer of many amino acids Amino Acid H O H N C C OH H R Central Carbon R group

3. Lipids

Bio molecule Role in Cell Monomer Distinguishing Features Test Lipids Energy Support Signaling Fatty acid Mostly C-H Insoluble in water Grease spot test Remember CHO -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen

Functional Groups Phosphate Carboxyl Ester

Remember …mostly carbon and hydrogen! Three general groups Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Remember …mostly carbon and hydrogen!

Triglycerides Animal fat and plant oils Energy storage molecules Composed of glycerol and fatty acids Carboxyl Ester

Phospholipids Found primarily in cell membranes Similar to triglycerides except…these have a phosphate group Makes the molecule capable of interactions with water phosphate Phosphate = polar head

4. Nucleic Acid

Bio molecule Role in Cell Monomer Distinguishing Features Test Nucleic Acids Hereditary and protein information Energy, Signaling Nucleotide Sugar Phosphate Cyclic N-Base

Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a polymer composed of chains of nucleotides. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses Named for their role in the cell nucleus

Functional Groups Phosphate Amino Aldehyde Ketone Alcohol

Nucleic Acid - Structure

Nucleotides: Each nucleotide consists of three components: Phosphate Each nucleotide consists of three components: A carbon to carbon ringed structure with nitrogen Called a nitrogenous base Either a purine or a pyrimidine A 5-carbon sugar and A phosphate group.