The building blocks of life. Macromolecules The building blocks of life.

Warm-up What elements do the symbols C, H, O, and N represent? With your partner, list as many things as you can that contain each element. Include both living and nonliving things.

Vocabulary Polymer Monomer Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Nucleic acid Monosaccharide Amino acid Glycerol Fatty acid nucleotide

Energy! When animals consume food, their bodies break down that food into smaller parts. This is a chemical process. Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in the cell.

Bonding Review – Don’t write this down! What part of atoms are involved in bonding? Valence electrons: the outermost electrons on an atom. What makes an atom stable? Having a “full” outer shell. This means giving away, gaining, or sharing valence e- with other atoms.

Bonding Review – Don’t write this down! How many valence electrons does chlorine (Cl) have? 7 How many does it need to have a “full” outer shell? 1 (it needs a total of 8)

Bonding Review – Don’t write this down! How many valence e- an atom needs to gain or lose is represented by the oxidation number. Chlorine needs to gain 1 e-. This gives Cl a negative charge. -1 Cl

Bonding Review – Don’t write this down! You can use the oxidation number to predict the chemical formula for each compound. -1 +1 NaCl Na Cl + 1 2 Cl Mg - Mg + Cl +

Macromolecules Natural polymers Found in the food we eat. Important for the structure and function of living things. Organic molecules Containing carbon Does not include carbon gases (CO2 , CN, etc.) 4 major types Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Function: Elements: Monomers: Daily energy supply (4 cal/g) Short term energy Some cell structures Elements: C, H, O H and O are always in a 2:1 ratio Monomers: Simple sugars Glucose, fructose, galactose

Carbohydrates Simple carbs Complex carbs Glucose, fructose, galactose (2 simple sugars bonded together) Lactose, maltose, sucrose Complex carbs Polymer (3 or more simple sugars bonded together) Starch: plants use for storage Glycogen: animals stored carbs (liver & muscles) Cellulose: makes up the cell walls of plants Chitin: makes up the exoskeleton of insects, lobsters, etc.

Proteins Function: Elements: Monomers: (4 cal/g) structure – cell membrane Carry out specific tasks in the body Enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, antibodies, hair, fingernails, etc. Elements: C, H, O, N Monomers: (4 cal/g) Amino acids 20 different kinds Sequence determines function of protein If only one is out of sequence, the protein doesn’t “work”

Proteins Simple proteins Complex proteins Dipeptide (2 amino acids bonded together) Complex proteins Polypeptide (3 or more amino acids bonded together) Enzymes: “help” chemical reactions in the body happen faster Hormones: send “signals” to different parts of the body Hemoglobin: carries oxygen throughout the body Antibodies: “mark” foreign cells/organisms for destruction by immune system.

Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) Function: Long-term energy storage (9 cal/g) Insulation Structure of cell membrane Elements: C, H, O Ratio of H to O is greater than 2:1 Monomers: Fatty acids (long chains of carbon & hydrogen) Glycerol (connected to fatty acids)

Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) Polymer Diglyceride: one glycerol & 2 fatty acids Triglyceride: one glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) Saturated fatty acids Single bonds between carbons mean there are many hydrogens Solid at room temperature Found mostly in animals Exception: palm oil & coconut oil

Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) Unsaturated fatty acids double bonds between at least one pair of carbons mean there are less hydrogens Liquid at room temperature Found mostly in plants Exception: fish oil

Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) Examples: Phospholipids: component of cell membranes Waxes: protects & lubricates cells Steroids: structure of cell (cholesterol)

Nucleic Acids Function: Elements: Monomers: Store & transmit genetic information Elements: C, H, O, N, P Monomers: Nucleotides 5 types Adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Double Stranded Single Stranded Phosphate group Deoxyribose 5 carbon sugar Ribose (5 carbon sugar) 4 nucleotide base pairs: Guanine – Cytosine Adenine – Thymine 4 nucleotide base pairs: Guanine – Cytosine Adenine – Uracil

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules Project Make a pop-up book describing each of the four major molecules: Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids On the carbs “page” you need to include: Title (name of the molecule) Elements contained in the molecule Function of carbs Type of food carbs are found in Diagram of monomers Diagram of a polymer