DO NOW… What motivates you?

Motivation & Emotion Chapters 12 & 13

Motivation Questionnaire Would you rather have a low paying career that you really enjoy or a high paying job that you dislike? As an athlete, would you rather be a part of a team championship or be recognized individually as the team’s Most Valuable Player?

Motivation Questionnaire 3. Would you rather have no children and a comfortable lifestyle or several children and a strained financial situation? 4. Would you rather be a single millionaire for your entire life or a poor married person with the person of your dreams?

Motivation Includes psychological and physiological factors that cause us to act a certain way. Also defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Motivation Theories Instinct Theory Popular in the early 1900s William James Are jealousy, curiosity, cleanliness instincts? Flaw? Attempts to label and explain behavior using the same terms Current ideas

Motivation Theories Drive Reduction Theory We do things because we have to fulfill a need (can be psychological or physiological). Role of Homeostasis Maintaining a normal, balanced state Flaw

Motivation Theories Arousal Theory Each of us can be exposed to the same set of stressors and have a different reaction. Yerkes-Dodson law – The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only up to a certain point. Maintaining our own optimal level of arousal is key.

Motivation Theories Incentive Theory – stresses the role of the environment in motivating behavior (goals, reinforcers, rewards) Cognitive Theory Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation Which is best? Danger…Overjustification

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Drive reduction theory motivates many behaviors necessary for survival Drive reduction theory motivates many behaviors necessary for survival. A need, or deprivation (for example, a lack of water), leads to an aroused state or drive; this in turn motivates the organism to act to reduce this drive (drink a glass of water) and restore internal stability. Drive reduction theory also motivates behaviors such as Eating and breathing Satisfaction of curiosity Nest building and other instincts Pursuit of stimulation

According to Maslow, we are not prompted to satisfy psychological needs, such as the need to be accepted or loved, until we have satisfied more basic needs. The most basic needs are physiological needs, including the need for food, water, and oxygen. Just above these needs are Safety needs Self-esteem needs Belongingness needs Psychological needs

Maslow assignment: Create a poster of Maslow’s hierarchy You must have three pictorial examples of each level You must also indicate pictorially where you feel you are on the hierarchy

Note cards Please clear everything off of your desk except your note cards

DO NOW… How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs attempt to explain motivation?

Hunger Nature Biological – maintain homeostasis Insulin/glucose Leptin Lateral hypothalamus (LH) vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Set point

Hunger Nurture: Psychological Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Bored / Stressed – linked with serotonin

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Characterized by: Refusal to eat Extreme weight loss Lack of proper nutrition Fear of gaining weight Distorted body image Possible psychological explanations: Refusal to grow up Asserting control over their own lives

Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by: Binge eating followed by purging Excessive concern about body shape and weight Hiding purging behaviors Often experiences depression, anxiety, or mood swings Possible psychological explanations: Feelings of alienation Need for approval

Some of our responses to food and to eating are learned; others are genetic and universal. Which of the following are genetic responses to food? An aversion to eating dogs and cats An interest in novel foods A preference for sweet and salty foods An aversion to carbohydrates

Other Motivating Factors Sexual Motivation Kinsey 18,000 Interviews Wealthy, urban whites “Shocking” findings: Many had engaged in premarital sex Sexual behavior is enormously varied

Sexual Motivation Sexual Response Cycle Masters and Johnson 600 Volunteers; 10,000 cycles Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Sexual Motivation Sexual Orientation (LeVay) Hypothalamus – cell cluster that is larger in heterosexual males than in homosexual males and women

DO NOW… Differentiate between theory x and theory y.

Other Motivating Factors Achievement motivation Flow Industrial/Organizational Psych Satisfaction Leadership Task Social Theory X and Theory Y

Task leadership is goal-oriented, while social leadership is group-oriented. Research indicates that effective managers exhibit Only task leadership Only social leadership Both task and social leadership, depending on the situation and the person Task leadership for building teams, and social leadership for setting standards

Emotions Ch 13

Emotions Cross Cultural Facial expressions are universal Body Language is culturally specific

Emotions Expressing Emotions results from four occurrences You must interpret stimulus Feeling Physiological response ( rate) Display behavior

Theories of Emotions James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Bodily response (Heart Rate) leads to Emotion (Fear) Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion (Fear) happens at the same time as the bodily response (heart rate)

Theories of Emotions Schacter and Singer (Two Factor Theory) Bodily response (heart rate) along with thinking (I’m afraid) yields the emotional response

Do now… What are the three main theories of emotion?

Le Doux Critical of two factor theory Cognitive appraisal does not necessarily have to precede emotion Hearing rustling leaves in a forest – fear before you decide if it was a predator or just the wind

Updates to Emotion theories Two Dimensions of Emotion Pleasant/Unpleasant (emotional valence) Low arousal/high arousal

Emotions Fear Anger Happiness Can be adaptive and dangerous Catharsis Feel good-do good phenomenon Subjective well-being Adaptation-level phenomenon Relative deprivation

Check for Understanding True or false? Facial expressions are universal. A) True B) False

End Lie Detection Turn to pg. 508 Read the section on lie detection 10 minutes End

60 Minutes: Lie Detection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROhp2aS9pQU