Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

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Africa, the Middle East, and Asia Chapters 33 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

Important terms 33 Green Revolution Gandhi Saddam Hussein Apartheid Nelson Mandela

Chapter 33 Terms Neocolonialism Hasan al-Banna J Nehru Nkrumah’s Ghana New nations “controlled” by former rulers How can you control a nation without military force? Hasan al-Banna Led Muslim Brotherhood Egyptian reform group (founded 1928) J Nehru 1st leader of independent India reformer Nkrumah’s Ghana Old Gold Coast (not the empire) Ruled by Kwame Nkrumah (dictator) Political and economic programs failed (ousted 1966) Nkrumah nn-KROO-muh

Chapter 33 Terms Idi Amin Gamal Abdul Nasser Ayatollah Khomeini Military dictator Uganda 1971-1979 Gamal Abdul Nasser Member of Free Officers movement Seized power from khedive in Egypt (1952) Became leader of Egypt Ayatollah Khomeini Religious leader of Iran (1979 revolution) Muslim fundamentalist (eliminate W influence)

Idi Amin “His excellency President for Life,Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of all Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in particular and the most ubiquitous of all King of Scotland” Ubiquitous- everywhere, all knowing

Chapter 33 Suez Canal F.W. de Klerk Nelson Mandela Connects Mediterranean and Red Seas Why is this important? F.W. de Klerk White SA pm Helped to end apartheid Nelson Mandela Worked to end Apartheid 1st black president of free SA

Bantu Migration Language family (Niger-Congo) Migrate from W Africa (Nigeria) 1000 BCE to 1700 CE E and S (Begin to dominate the S) Zulu and Xhosa (Zhosa) and others Brought agriculture Shaka Zulu Great Zimbabwe (founded by Shona) Shona is a tribe

Africa Post-colonial problems Europeans leave 1. Had colonized without thought to boundaries WHY is this a problem? Keep boundaries Scared minorities might try further change 2. Lacked technological and management skills 3. Population growth (spurred by Europeans HOW?) A. New world crops D. ended local wars B. outlawed birth control E. Railroads cut down on famine C. Decrease disease 4. Power grabs and corruption Many military leaders take over*** PROBLEMS? One of the worst was Uganda

Population problems African society (High birth rates) Lack of education of HBR problems Procreation shows virility and strength (no bc) Male children are critical to female standing Some feel children are necessary for lineage High mortality rates encouraged high birth rates Mortality rates decline but birth rates continue

Move to cities Why? Problems? Specialists concluded: Slums are only urban housing poor can find Supply them sanitation and electricity RESULT Parasitic societies (Diminish natural resources) Take from already lacking rural areas 1. Soil depletion (poor farming) 2. Deforestation 3. Industrial pollution Cities spread without planning causes large slum areas

Egypt Muslim Brotherhood (1928) By whom? Free Officers coup (led by?) Want: 1. Fundamentalism 3. trade unions 2. Land reform 4. religious unity Didn’t like wealthy Egyptians or Europeans Strikes, riots, assassinations Free Officers coup (led by?) Egypt defeated in Arab-Israeli War (1948) British control of Suez Canal

Egypt after 1952 Anwar Sadat 1. State financed education through college 2. Gov employment programs 3. Subsidies to lower food costs 4. land redistribution (limit max amount) 5. Foreign properties seized British forced out of Suez Canal (1956) Most Reforms failed (population issues and loss of W$) Six-Day War failed vs Israel (1967) ASWAN HIGH DAM (Few things that did work well) Anwar Sadat Try to fix Nasser’s failures Similar to Soviet Union programs

India Nehru More successful than most (3rd world) Problems Preserving civil rights and democracy HOW? 1. Developed communications 2. Middle class 3. Industrial and scientific sectors Problems 1. Population exceeds resources 2. Wealthy landlords

Iran Unique Regime angers many leads to revolution Not colonized (no W educated, little infrastructure) Regime angers many leads to revolution Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Joined religion and politics (Term for that?) Reforms fail War with Iraq drains resources

South Africa Nationalist Party (1948) Stay in power: SOUND FAMILIAR? Apartheid Stay in power: 1. Arrest opposition 2. police state 3. use spies and informers 4.Divide opponents of Apartheid (favoritism) SOUND FAMILIAR? Apartheid ends (1994) Mandela De Klerk (Afrikaner)