Russians in Israel A flood of Immigrants By: Eleanor Cooper Westlake High School 9th grade (freshman) April-May 2005

The Soviet Union Comes Crashing Down The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1989, freeing its citizens. Economic Catastrophe Outdated machinery No market for many Soviet Products Satellite countries had no guaranteed market The Soviet Union had isolated itself from the international market

The people were looking for a way out …Still Crashing… The labor force was unskilled and unemployed It had only traded with other countries under Soviet control Relatively Undeveloped Infrastructure The economy and government were making their transition from Communism to Democracy No guaranteed source of income, benefits, education with new government The people were looking for a way out

Russian Jewish Immigration to Israel has had Thesis Russian Jewish Immigration to Israel has had negative short-term effect, and an inconclusive long-term effect on the Israeli economy.

Which World? Three possible models for the Israeli economic reaction to an influx of immigrants The “Perfect World” The “Compromised World” The “Flawed World”

A Perfect World This model reflects an ideal situation Incorporates the influx of immigrants Creating new jobs in the job sectors the immigrants are skilled in Filling existing jobs Don’t compromise existing jobs Creates huge growth consumption and production levels up Wages fall in all sectors Large pool of skilled workers from which to hire from

Occupation of Male Native Israelis and Immigrants High Paying* Low Paying* Blue Collar* Israelis 1991 18.5% 12.9% 68.6% USSR Immigrants 58.6% 12.2% 29.2% *High Paying and Low Paying refer to professional jobs, while Blue Collar refers to unskilled workers.

There are more high-paid immigrant professionals than Israeli ones There are less unskilled (Blue Collar) immigrant workers than native Israeli ones Larger pool from which to choose from Lower wages

A Compromised World Some immigrants’ skills are not of value to the Israeli economy Other jobs available in lower sectors to accommodate them Down-grading or underemployment occurs Market less efficient Smaller economic growth than 1st model Wages in less-skilled sector fall farther than 1st model Wages in high-skilled sector remains constant Not an even distribution of workers Constrained to less-skilled sectors

Unemployment Rates of Immigrants and Native Israelis 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 men Native israeli 7.5% 7.1% 7.7% 6.7% 5.2% 4.8% 5.8% Russian immigrant 40.7% 28.5% 19.9% 15.0% 9.0% 7.0% women 11.0% 11.5% 10.0% 9.1% 7.4% 6.8% 52.9% 50.3% 38.4% 21.5% 17.6% 11.8% 10.4%

Participation Rates of Immigrants and Native Israelis 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 men Native Israeli 62.6% 62.7% 62.2% 63.2% 63.1% 64.2% 63.3% Immigrant 32.0% 57.3% 63.9% 66.0% 65.4% 63.8% 62.8% women 47.9% 48.2% 48.8% 49.7% 51.2% 52.7% 52.9% 53.0% 19.3% 36.7% 45.1% 47.4% 48.7% 46.3% 46.9% 47.8%

Immigrants unemployment rate and participation rate is significantly higher than Native Israeli unemployment rate The unemployment rate drops and the participation rate rises as the immigrants assimilate Decreases in unemployment for Immigrants don’t increase unemployment for Native Israelis Economy expanding to incorporate them

A Flawed World Immigrants skills are of no value to the Israeli Economy No jobs available, no jobs created Mass state of unemployment Skills unmarketable Economy too rigid Depresses Economy Government Subsidization Production falls Consumption increases Wages remain constant due to rigidity

GNP and Consumption Growth Rates per Capita Years GNP Consumption 1986-1989 2.3% 2.8% 1989-1993 1.9% 3.0% 1993-1997 2.2% 3.7% The GNP growth rate remains relatively constant while the Consumption growth rate increases

Which World? The Israeli economy best fits the “Compromised World” Unemployment rates increase and than decrease as immigrants assimilate Doesn’t affect Native Israeli employment rates Though average skill level of Russian Immigrants is higher than Native Israeli, it doesn’t mean they all get jobs corresponding to their skill level.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Brinkley, Joel. “For New Soviet Immigrants in Insrael, Hard Times.” The NewYork Times. 9, March 1991: 1,7.ProQuest Historical Newspapers. The New York Times. http://proquest.umi.com.content.lib.utexas.edu:2048/pqdweb?index=6&did=115752349&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1105297370&clientId=13642 “Statistics.” Ministry of Immigrant Absorption.2004. http://www.moia.gov.il/english/netunim/stats1.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY “Percent of 1990+ Immigrants in Localities Numbering 100 000+ Residents.”Central Bureau of Statistics. 31, Dec. 2003. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton55/dia02_10e.shtml Bank of Israel Research Department. One Million Immigrants- An Absorption Program. Jerusalem: Ahva Press, 1991.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, Sarit, and Chang-Tai Hsieh. “Macroeconomic and Labor Market Impact of Russian Immigration to Israel.”2002. Eckstein, Zvi, and Y Weiss. “On the Wage Growth of Immigrants: Israel 1990-2000.” Journal of European Economic Association. 2(4) (2004): 665-695.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Eckstein, Zvi, and Y. Weiss. “The Integration of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union into the Israeli Labor Market.” The Israeli Economy, 1985-1998: From Government Intervention to Market Economics, Essays in Memory of Prof. Michael Bruno. MIT Press, 2002. “Immigration.” Jewish Virtual Library.2004. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigtoc.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY Greenberg, Joel. “No Milk or Honey for Israel’s Emigres.” The New York Times. 1, March 1992:8.ProQuest Historical Newspapers . The New York Times. http://proquest.umi.com.content.lib.utexas.edu:2048/pqdweb?index=18&did=116068339&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1105297784&clientId=13642 Montgomery, Leland. “The Russians are Coming.” Financial World. 15, Oct. 1991: 44.Financial World. http://web4.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/122/630/61146675w4/purl=rc1_K12G_0_A11320680&dyn=3!xrn_1_0_A11320680?sw_aep=tlc139094912

THE END