Jason Hamel Dr. Rolando Raqueño Dr. John Schott Dr. Minsu Kim Sensitivity Analysis of Suspended Sediment Inherent Optical Property Effects on Modeled Water Leaving Radiance Jason Hamel Dr. Rolando Raqueño Dr. John Schott Dr. Minsu Kim

Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results Conclusion

Objective Examine the effect of suspended solids on water leaving radiance Perform a sensitivity study using a model to determine effect of: Composition Particle size Concentration Analyze the NIR region to determine cases where normal atmospheric correction methods over water will fail Tools: OOPS Hydrolight

80% 10% 10% Atmosphere to Sensor Air/Water Transition Signal Sources Atmosphere to Sensor 80% 10% 10% Air/Water Transition Water/Air Transition Atmosphere is a big problem (in-water information is only 10% of image) Upwelling and down welling, cloud plumes effect data In Water

Characteristics of Spectral data Difference is water characteristic curves can be seen here Some more green, more brackish, some darker then others Basis of what we do: what can we tell about water based on it’s spectral characteristics? Irondequoit Bay Genesee River Lake Ontario

Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results Conclusion

Water Modeling Hydrolight is our current water modeling tool To model the radiance leaving the water surface Hydrolight needs defined: Illumination Surface wind speed Water quality parameters Bottom conditions

Water Modeling Water quality parameters Material components in the water column (typically included is pure water, chlorophyll, suspended solids, and color dissolved organic matter) Concentration Absorption coefficient Scattering coefficient Scattering phase function All variables can be defined for wavelength and depth

Water Modeling Ocean Optical Plankton Simulator (OOPS) developed at Cornell Models absorption and scattering coefficients and the scattering phase function Generate IOP’s of in-water constituents if basic properties of the materials are known Can generate test data sets with Hydrolight to analyze how specific constituents effect the water leaving radiance

Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results Conclusion

Suspended Solids in OOPS Basic physical and optical properties needed by OOPS to model IOP’s: Suspended solids composition Refractive index Particle size distribution Density

Suspended Solids Composition Quartz SiO2 Feldspars Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 Albite NaAlSi3O8 Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 Clay minerals Kaolinite Al4 (OH)8 [Si4O10] Chlorite (Al, Mg, Fe)3 (OH)2 [(Al,Si}4O10] Mg3 (OH) Illite (K, H2O) Al2 (H2O, OH)2 [AlSi3O10] Montmorillonite {(AL2-xMgx) (OH)2 [Si4O10]}-x Nax.n H1O Calcite/aragonite CaCO3 Opal SiO2 (amorphous)

Refractive Indices Quartz 1.544 1.553 Feldspars Ordinary Ray Extraordinary Ray Tertiary Ray Quartz 1.544 1.553 Feldspars Orthoclase 1.523 1.527 1.531 Albite 1.527 1.531 1.538 Anorthite 1.577 1.585 1.590 Clays Kaolinite 1.549 1.564 1.565 Chlorite 1.61 1.62 1.62 Illite 1.56 1.59 1.59 Montmorillonite 1.55 1.57 1.57 Calcium Carbonate Calcite 1.486 1.658 Aragonite 1.531 1.680 1.686 Opal 1.44 From Lide, D. R. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2003-2004. CRC Press, 84th edition.

Refractive Indices From Gifford, J. W. (1902). The refractive indices of fluorite, quartz, and calcite. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 70:329-340.

Particle Size Distributions Will test 3 particle size distributions (PSD): Junge Gaussian Log-Normal

Typical Ocean PSD’s From Simpson, W. R. (1982). Particulate matter in the oceans-sampling methods, concentration, size distribution, and particle dynamics. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20:119-172.

Junge PSD’s

In Situ PSD’s Measurements made using a Benthos plankton camera Found 80% of particulate matter in suspension as flocs larger than 100 mm in size From Eisma, D., et al. (1991). Suspended-matter particle size in some West-European estuaries; Part I: Particle-size distribution. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 28(3):193-214.

Gaussian PSD’s

Log-Normal PSD’s

Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results Conclusion

Hydrolight Analysis Now that some variations of suspended solids are known, Oops can generate various suspend solid IOP’s These IOP’s can operate as variables in Hydrolight to test the effect different suspended solids have on the water leaving radiance Since the different IOP’s are of main interest, most Hydrolight inputs will be held constant between runs

Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Refractive index Particle size distribution

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Refractive index Particle size distribution

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal Concentration CHL TSS CDOM OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal Concentration CHL TSS CDOM 0 10 0 0.76 0.57 0.57 62.96 22.44 6.12 6.51 10.37 2.14 4.28 10.00 2.75 OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal Concentration CHL TSS CDOM 0 10 0 0.76 0.57 0.57 62.96 22.44 6.12 6.51 10.37 2.14 4.28 10.00 2.75 OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal Concentration CHL TSS CDOM 0 10 0 0.76 0.57 0.57 62.96 22.44 6.12 6.51 10.37 2.14 4.28 10.00 2.75 OOPS

Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal Particle size distribution Process Summary Composition Quartz Albite Kaolinite Calcite Opal 1.544 1.527 1.549 1.486/1.658/Spectral 1.44 Refractive index Particle size distribution 14 Junge 2 Gaussian 7 Log-Normal Concentration CHL TSS CDOM 0 10 0 0.76 0.57 0.57 62.96 22.44 6.12 6.51 10.37 2.14 4.28 10.00 2.75 OOPS

Outline Objective Water Modeling Suspended Solids Test Cases Results Conclusion

Original Hydrolight IOP

Effect of Composition and PSD

Lake Ontario Cases

Genesee River Plume Cases

Conesus Lake Cases

Long Pond Cases

Different Minerals, Same PSD and Concentration

Different PSD’s, Same Mineral and Concentration

Different Concentrations, Same Mineral and PSD

NIR Region 170 observations of a Junge 105 observations of a Log-Normal

Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured Albite 0chl, 10tss, 0cdom Calcite 1.486 Calcite 1.658 Calcite 1.658 spec 0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss Kaolinite 4chl, 10tss, 2cdom Opal Quartz 6chl, 10tss, 2cdom 62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured Albite 0chl, 10tss, 0cdom Calcite 1.486 Calcite 1.658 Calcite 1.658 spec 0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss Kaolinite 4chl, 10tss, 2cdom Opal Quartz 6chl, 10tss, 2cdom 62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured Albite 0chl, 10tss, 0cdom Calcite 1.486 Calcite 1.658 Calcite 1.658 spec 0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss Kaolinite 4chl, 10tss, 2cdom Opal Quartz 6chl, 10tss, 2cdom 62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured 0chl, 10tss, 0cdom Albite 0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss Calcite 1.486 Calcite 1.658 Calcite 1.658 spec 4chl, 10tss, 2cdom Kaolinite 6chl, 10tss, 2cdom Opal Quartz 62chl, 22tss, 6cdom

Data Cube for Analysis Gaussians Junges Log-Normals UFI measured 0chl, 10tss, 0cdom 0.7chl, 0.5tss, 0.5tss Albite Calcite 1.486 Calcite 1.658 Calcite 1.658 spec 4chl, 10tss, 2cdom 6chl, 10tss, 2cdom Kaolinite Opal 62chl, 22tss, 6cdom Quartz

Classification G J L-N UFI G J L-N UFI 0, 10, 0 0.7, 0.5, 0.5 4, 10, 2 6, 10, 2 62, 22, 6 MaxD 20 band classmap K-means max 20 bands classmap

Concentration Discrimination G J L-N UFI 0, 10, 0 0.7, 0.5, 0.5 4, 10, 2 6, 10, 2 62, 22, 6 ENVI N-D Visualizer Classified Pixels

Some PSD and Mineral Discrimination G J L-N UFI 0, 10, 0 0.7, 0.5, 0.5 4, 10, 2 6, 10, 2 62, 22, 6 ENVI N-D Visualizer Classified Pixels

Conclusions OOPS and Hydrolight model the water-leaving radiance from water bodies given physical and optical properties of constituents A database of reflectance curves representative of some case 2 water bodies has been generated Initial results are following expectations Mineral composition, PSD, and concentration all have an effect on the water surface reflectance Situations exist for Log-Normal PSD’s between 800-900nm where there is 1-2% surface reflectance that will interfere with normal atmospheric correction attempts