History of Childhood Abuse and Neglect General Guidelines for Creating an Effective Poster Posters need to be read by attendees from a distance of 3 feet or more, so lettering on illustrations should be large and legible. The title should be in very large type, 84 pt. or larger. Do NOT use all capitals for titles and headings. It makes them hard to read. Text on panels should be between 18 and 24 pt. to be legible. Use double or 1.5 spacing between lines of text. Keep each panel relatively short and to the point. More than 25 lines won't get read, but 15 to 18 usually will. Framing the text by putting a box around it will also help readers to focus. Choose a simple font such as Times, Helvetica or Prestige Elite and stick with it. Avoid overuse of outlining and shadowing, it can be distracting. To make something stand out, use a larger font size, bold or underline instead. Whenever possible, use graphs, charts, tables, figures, pictures or lists instead of text to get your points across. Make sure your presentation flows in a logical sequence. It should have an introduction, body and conclusion, just like any other presentation. Posters don’t need to be "arty". Simplicity, ease of reading, etc., are more important than artistic flair. In a room full of posters, consider the visual impact your presentation needs to make in order to attract readers. Use colors behind panels to increase contrast and impact, but avoid fluorescent colors which will make things hard to read when someone gets closer. Consider bringing extra copies of your data and conclusions. Cheyenne Rhone, MSW Candidate The Greater Rochester Collaborative Master of Social Work Program Abstract The foster care system is composed of children in some cases that have suffered from traumatic experiences. For children that have been subject to sexual, physical abuse and neglect, must be removed from the dangerous situation. It is the job of social worker and other Child Protective Services organizations to determine if a child needs a removal from their biological family and placed into alternative care, such as foster care. Research suggest that children that have suffered from trauma can continue to suffer from last effects that could impair their developmental and cognitive functioning. Many children that have suffered from sexual, physical abuse and/or neglect are said to develop mental health diagnosis such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). Without the implementation of services and interventions for children that have witnessed or suffered from abuse or neglect, the child may continue with their mental health and have a impairment to their life and growth into adult hood. Evolution of Foster Care Consequences of Abuse/Neglect Data 1700’s Indentured Servitude came to the Unites States, as a way to house children that were abandoned or orphaned during immigration to America. 1853 Reverend Charles Brace established the New York Children’s Aid Society. The society focused on the Orphan Train Movement. Sending over 200,00 children to western states, Indian Territory's and parts of Canada 1874 American Society of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) represented an eight-year old orphaned girl named Mary Ellen Wilson, who was physically abused daily by her foster mother. Established the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, to monitor Child welfare and Protection. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (F43.10) Reactive Attachment Disorder (F.94.1) Mental Health Diagnosis that is the direct result of being subject to or witnessing traumatic events. Adults, adolescents and children older than 6 years of age, can be diagnosed and have PTSD symptoms Symptoms include (but not limited to) Nightmares Flash backs Panic attacks Physiological distress to environmental factors Hypervigilance Problems with concentration Reckless or self destructive behaviors A mental Health disturbance for infants and early aged children. Reactive Attachment Disorder is characterized by the child's inappropriate attachment behaviors towards a parent of caregiver. Minimally seeks comfort Limited positive affect Lack of basic emotional needs for comforting, stimulation, and affection Minimal social and emotional responses to others Neglect is classified as a any act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. There are various forms of neglect that can effect a child's mental, physical and developmental growth. Relationship Environmental Medical Neglect Educational Supervisory Out of 437,000 Children in Foster Care, 166,679 were placed in Foster Care for Neglect. 1974 Federal government passes the largest law regarding the fair, ethical, and legal treatment of children. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act itemized legislative and judicial support of assessment, investigation, prosecution, prevention and treatment of children that have been imperiled of abuse and/or neglected 2003 An amendment to The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment law, would require each state in the Unites States to provide budgeting for developmental screening test for children that were reported to be abused at ages three to birth Physical abuse is classified as physical injury to the child that can include striking, kicking, burning, or biting the child, or any action that results in a physical impairment of the child. In 2012 124,544 children were indicated for physical abuse by Child Protective Services Physical Abuse Theory 33,671 were placed in Foster Care for Physical Abuse. Interventions Sexual abuse is classified as an unwanted sexual contact. There are three distinct classifications for sexual abuse, that would warrant removal from the perpetrator Erik Erikson’s theory The life Cycle Complete: A Psychosocial Understanding of Human Development Nurturing Parent/ Dr. Stephen Bavolek PH.D. Dr. Bavolek Nurturing Parent Program, focuses on the approaches that parents or caregivers handle children daily and how abuse and/or neglect can influence a child and their growth. By looking at the chemical makeup of the brain, Dr. Bavolek states that children are affected by everything that they can see, touch, taste, smell and feel. For Children that have been abuse of Neglected Cognitive Reconstruction can be used to carve a new neurological pathway by using the cognitive ability of the person to change the way the person behaves, thinks and what they say. This will start new neurological pathways and eventually can replace the old pathways that may have had a negative impact on the child or adolescent. Sexual Abuse adult and a minor, or between two minors, when one exerts power over the other forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism, and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet Eight stages of Development Stages of Development Psychosocial Crisis RelationshipBasic Strength Core Pathology Infancy (0-1 ½ ) Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust  Maternal Parent Hope  Withdrawal Early Childhood (1 ½ -3)  Autonomy vs. Shame  Parental Person  Will  Compulsion Play Age (3-6)  Initiative vs. Guilt  Basic Family  Purpose Inhibition School Age (6-12)  Industry vs. Inferiority  School  Competence  Inertia Adolescence (10-24)  Identity vs. Identity Confusion  peers  Fidelity  Repudiation Young Adulthood (18/22-40)  Intimacy vs. Isolation  Partners  Love  Exclusivity Adulthood (20-65)  Generativity vs. Stagnation  Divided Labor  Care  Rejectivity Old Age (55-60+)  Integrity vs. Despair  Man Kind  Wisdom  Disdain 9,904 were placed in Foster Care for sexual abuse References Bavolek, Stephen (2012). Nurturing Parenting, nurturingparenting.com Bennett MR (2011). The prefrontal–limbic network in depression: A core pathology of synapse regression. Progress in Neurobiology. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5. (2013). Washington: American Psychiatric Publ. Library of Congress (2003), S.342 Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 [06/25/2003. Mallon GP (2013). The legend of Mary Ellen Wilson and Etta Wheeler: child maltreatment and protection today. Child welfare. Mondale, and Walter (1973-1974). “S.1191 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): An Act to Provide Financial Assistance for a Demonstration Program for the Prevention, Identification, and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, to Establish a National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, and for Other Purposes.” Congress.gov, 31 Jan. 1974 Price-Wolf J (2015). Social Support, Collective Efficacy, and Child Physical Abuse: Does Parent Gender Matter, Child Maltreatment.