Agenda diēs Lunae, a.d. iv Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII HW Check: syllabus/policies, signed About Me Surveys & Book Distribution Introduction to Latin Latin Nouns: Characteristics and Terminology Vocabulary List #1 & Derivatives Tips and Tricks for Studying Vocabulary Pensum: Binder 1 due tomorrow (divided into sections on syllabus) Derivatives on Vocab. 1 Study Vocab. List 1 Latin 1 Mr. Finnigan Boston Latin School

Latin Alphabet & Pronunciation Introduction to Latin What is Latin? Latin vs. English Parts of Speech Latin Alphabet & Pronunciation

What is Latin? language spoken by Romans and inhabitants of the Roman empire “dead language” = not spoken descends from Indo-European (parent language), just like English so why and how are Latin & English so different?

Latin vs. English to show relationship between words and meaning of a sentence… English relies on word order Latin relies on changes in word these changes within the words are called inflection English is only slightly inflected, but Latin is a highly inflected language when studying Latin… what do the endings of words tell us about them and how they relate to other words in a sentence? look at the endings; pay less attention to word order pay attention to different endings between parts of speech

Parts of Speech in English parts of speech are the different types/groups of words in a language there EIGHT in English; what are they? Verbs Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

Parts of Speech in Latin Latin has the same eight parts of speech as English: Verbs Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

Parts of Speech in Latin not all parts of speech in Latin are inflected: nouns, adjectives, and pronouns are inflected this inflection is called declension verbs are also inflected this inflection is called conjugation prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, and interjections are not inflected

What did Latin sound like? The Latin Alphabet

The Latin Alphabet A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z the Latin alphabet looks like this: A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z what’s missing? the Latin alphabet had no J or W BUT, it had letters that make the J and W sounds

The Latin Alphabet SHORT VOWELS a  “u” idea e  “eh” bet i  “ih” hit o  “aw” often u  “uh” put y  somewhere between the i (hit) and u (mute) Latin vowels are either short (like those above) or long short vowels are unmarked; long vowels have a line over them to indicate they are long (called a macron or long mark)

The Latin Alphabet LONG VOWELS ā  “ah” father ē  “ey” obey ī  “ee” machine ō  “oh” note ū  “oo” rule [never like “ew” as in pupil] ȳ  same as short y, but more drawn out

The Latin Alphabet DIPHTHONGS ei  neighbor ae  island au  now diphthongs are 2 vowels written together that make one sound ei  neighbor ae  island au  now oe  joy eu  like “ayoo” ui  with

The Latin Alphabet c = k (‘hard c’)  car g = hard g  game Latin consonants are pronounced exactly as they are in English, with only a few exceptions: c = k (‘hard c’)  car g = hard g  game v = w  weekly i (consonantal) = y  yellow i is a consonant… at the beginning of a word followed by a vowel between vowels

Characteristics of Latin Nouns

Latin Nouns like in English, a Latin noun indicates a person, place, thing, or idea all Latin nouns belong to a family, called a declension declension: group of nouns that share a common ending pattern there are 5 declensions, named 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th each declension has its own set of endings, but there are similar patterns across different declensions to determine a noun’s declension, look at the gen. sg. ending

Three Characteristics of Latin Nouns every Latin noun has three characteristics, shown through the declension endings: CASE: indicates the use or grammatical function of the noun answers the question ‘what’s it doing?’ NUMBER: indicates singular (1) or plural (>1) answers the question ‘how many?’ GENDER: masculine, feminine, neuter Section 01 (Orange, 104) finished this

Characteristic 1: Case case indicates use (grammatical function) of a noun in a sentence English shows case by word order; Latin by word ending – these are called case endings There are 7 cases* in Latin: Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative Locative *Note: the vocative and locative are not very common; NGDAcAb are the five major cases Section 02 (Yellow, 135) & Section 03 (Green, 101) finished this

Vocabulary List 1

agricola, agricolae, m. farmer

aqua, aquae, f. water

fēmina, fēminae, f. woman

fortūna, fortūnae, f. fortune, chance

Gaul (roughly modern France) Gallia, Galliae, f. Gaul (roughly modern France)

īnsula, īnsulae, f. island

Ītalia, Ītaliae, f. Italy

lingua, linguae, f. language, tongue

littera, litterae, f. letter (of alphabet)

litterae, litterārum, f. pl. letter (epistle), letters

memoria, memoriae, f. memory

nātūra, nāturae, f. nature

poēta, poētae, m. poet

prōvincia, prōvinciae, f. province

puella, puellae, f. girl

silva, silvae, f. forest

vīta, vītae, f. life

est is; there is

sunt are; there are

Asia Minor (roughly modern Turkey) Asia, Asiae, f. Asia Minor (roughly modern Turkey)

in (+ abl.) in, on

patria, patriae, f. country, fatherland

Trōia, Trōiae, f. Troy

Tips for Studying Vocabulary make flashcards use Quizlet [check blog for link to class sets] say the word aloud whenever possible, especially when you write it down write the word as much as possible use derivatives: words in one language that come from a word or word family in a different language must be related in form AND meaning spend ~5 mins. every night reviewing the week’s vocab.