Mg ion in Taq DNA polymerase

A simplified TCA cycle Pyruvate (3C; from glycolysis) NAD+ CO2 + NADH + H+ 2C 6C 5C 4C NADH + H+ Phase 1 Phase 3 NAD+ Phase 2 CO2 + NADH + H+ FADH2 NAD+ CO2 + NADH + H+ GTP

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Fig. 6.3b

Fig. 6.3b

Fig. 6.3b

Fig. 6.3b

Avery, McCarty and MacLoed, 1944

Transcription Translation Chocolate Chip Cookie Ingredients 01000011 01101000 01101111 01100011 01101111 01101100 01100001 01110100 01100101 00100000 01000011 01101000 01101001 01110000 00100000 01000011 01101111 01101111 01101011 01101001 01100101 00001101 00001010 01001001 01101110 01100111 01110010 01100101 01100100 01101001 01100101 01101110 01110100 01110011 00001101 00001010 00110010 00101111 00110011 00100000 01100011 01110101 01110000 00100000 00101000 00110001 00110010 00110101 00100000 01100111 00101001 00100000 01110011 01110101 01100111 01100001 01110010 00111011 00100000 01110100 01110010 01111001 00100000 01100001 00100000 01101101 01101001 01111000 01110100 01110101 01110010 01100101 00100000 01101111 01100110 00100000 01100010 01110010 01101111 01110111 01101110 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01110111 01101000 01101001 01110100 01100101 00100000 01110011 01110101 01100111 01100001 01110010 00001101 00001010 10111101 00100000 01100011 01110101 01110000 00100000 00101000 00110001 00110010 00110000 00100000 01100111 00101001 00100000 01100010 01110101 01110100 01110100 01100101 01110010 00101100 00100000 01110011 01101111 01100110 01110100 01100101 01101110 01100101 01100100 00001101 00001010 00110001 00100000 01101100 01100001 01110010 01100111 01100101 00100000 01100101 01100111 01100111 00001101 00001010 10111101 00100000 01110100 01100101 01100001 01110011 01110000 01101111 01101111 01101110 00100000 01100010 01100001 01101011 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01110011 01101111 01100100 01100001 00001101 00001010 10111101 00100000 01110100 01100101 01100001 01110011 01110000 01101111 01101111 01101110 00100000 01110011 01100001 01101100 01110100 00001101 00001010 00110001 00100000 01100011 01110101 01110000 00100000 01110000 01101100 01110101 01110011 00100000 00110010 00100000 01110100 01100001 01100010 01101100 01100101 01110011 01110000 01101111 01101111 01101110 01110011 00100000 00101000 00110001 00110100 00110101 00100000 01100111 00101001 00100000 01100001 01101100 01101100 00101101 01110000 01110101 01110010 01110000 01101111 01110011 01100101 00100000 01100110 01101100 01101111 01110101 01110010 00001101 00001010 00110001 00100000 01110100 01100101 01100001 01110011 01110000 01101111 01101111 01101110 00100000 01110110 01100001 01101110 01101001 01101100 01101100 01100001 00100000 01100101 01111000 01110100 01110010 01100001 01100011 01110100 00001101 00001010 00110110 00100000 01101111 01111010 00100000 00101000 00110001 00110111 00110000 00100000 01100111 00101001 00100000 01110011 01100101 01101101 01101001 01110011 01110111 01100101 01100101 01110100 00100000 01100011 01101000 01101111 01100011 01101111 01101100 01100001 01110100 01100101 00100000 01100011 01101000 01101001 01110000 01110011 00001101 00001010 00001101 00001010 01001101 01100101 01110100 01101000 01101111 01100100 00001101 00001010 00001101 00001010 00100000 00100000 00100000 00110001 00101110 00100000 01010000 01110010 01100101 01101000 01100101 01100001 01110100 00100000 01101111 01110110 01100101 01101110 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 00110011 00110111 00110101 00100000 01100100 01100101 01100111 00100000 01000110 00100000 00101000 00110001 00111001 00110000 00100000 01100100 01100101 01100111 00100000 01000011 00101001 00101110 00001101 00001010 00100000 00100000 00100000 00110010 00101110 00100000 01000011 01110010 01100101 01100001 01101101 00100000 01100010 01110101 01110100 01110100 01100101 01110010 00100000 01110111 01101001 01110100 01101000 00100000 01110011 01110101 01100111 01100001 01110010 00100000 01110101 01101110 01110100 Chocolate Chip Cookie Ingredients 2/3 cup (125 g) sugar; try a mixture of brown and white sugar ½ cup (120 g) butter, softened 1 large egg ½ teaspoon baking soda ½ teaspoon salt 1 cup plus 2 tablespoons (145 g) all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 6 oz (170 g) semisweet chocolate chips Method 1. Preheat oven to 375 deg F (190 deg C). 2. Cream butter with sugar until light and fluffy. 3. Add the egg and vanilla and mix well. 4. Add baking soda, salt and flour and mix well. 5. Add chocolate chips. 6. Place the cookie dough in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes. 7. Drop by rounded large teaspoonfuls onto an ungreased cookie sheet. 8. Bake the chocolate chip cookies for 8 to 10 minutes until light brown. Always try with a few cookies to check whether the dough is OK. 9. Allow cookies to cool on baking sheet for a few minutes, then move the cookies to a wire rack. Transcription Translation

A T G Genes C

light CsCl gradient heavy

Bacterial Replication